Table 1. Comparison of risk factors between both groups.

BMI: body mass index, CKD: chronic kidney disease, H2RA: histamine–2 receptor antagonists, PPI: proton pump inhibitor

Risk factors	Case group (n=200)	Control group (n=200)	Odds ratio	p-value
Age greater than 65	31 (15.5%)	16 (8.0%)	2.10 (1.11-3.99)	0.02
Male	98 (49.0%)	100 (50.0%)	1.04 (0.70-1.54)	0.84
Hospitalization in last 30 days	51 (25.5%)	12 (6.0%)	5.36 (2.75-10.42)	<0.0001
Antibiotics in last 30 days	72 (36.0%)	21 (10.5%)	4.76 (2.80-8.19)	<0.0001
PPIs in last 30 days	46 (23.0%)	21 (10.5%)	2.54 (1.45-4.45)	0.001
H2RA in last 30 days	32 (16.0%)	20 (10.0%)	1.71 (-.94-3.11)	0.07
BMI more than 25 kg/m2	62 (31.0%)	42 (21.0%)	1.69 (1.07-2.65)	0.02
Diabetes	54 (27.0%)	32 (16.0%)	1.94 (1.18-3.17)	0.008
Hypertension	31 (15.5%)	29 (14.5%)	1.08 (0.62-1.87)	0.77
CKD	38 (19.0%)	19 (9.5%)	2.23 (1.23-4.03)	0.007
Malignancy	12 (6.0%)	4 (2.0%)	3.12 (0.99 to 9.86)	0.05
Hypercholesterolemia	22 (11.0%)	20 (10.0%)	1.08 (0.57-2.06)	0.79