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. 2021 Oct 20;21:190. doi: 10.1186/s12862-021-01924-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Haplotype genealogical relationships and demographic history of A Alouatta palliata, B Trypanoxyuris minutus and C T. multilabiatus. Top: median-joining haplotype networks, colours correspond to sampled geographic regions in southeast Mexico. Bottom: Bayesian skyline plots based on mtDNA showing changes in median female effective population sizes (Nef) through time. A Gradual population growth in howler monkeys until ca. 8000 years ago, decreasing afterwards until reaching a most recent Nef of 60,000. B Continuous population growth in T. minutus until ca. 250 years ago when the increase rate slowed down to a relatively constant trend (Nef from 1,303,500 to 1,347,000. C dynamic trend in T. multilabiatus population growth, remaining constant until ca. 2000 years ago and then fluctuating by decreasing from 32,250 to 24,700, followed by a rapid increase around 800 years ago up to 88,400, to a final decrease with a most recent Nef of 86,000