Table 1.
Participant demographic characteristics
| Variable | Total (n = 205) | Men (n = 102) | Women (n = 103) | pd |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 23.0 (2.6) | 23.4 (2.5) | 22.7 (2.6) | 0.053 |
| Education, n | ||||
| High school graduation | 9 | 3 | 6 | 0.105 |
| College education (some) | 141 | 78 | 63 | |
| College graduation | 46 | 19 | 27 | |
| Graduate school education (some) | 6 | 2 | 4 | |
| Graduate school graduation | 3 | 0 | 3 | |
| HCC, median (IQR), pg/μg | 5578.2 (6093.8) | 5256.3 (5985.3) | 5787.8 (5963.7) | 0.286 |
| Stress-related psychological measures | ||||
| K-SRRSa, median (IQR) | 316.5 (420.5) | 298.5 (412.8) | 333.5 (403.0) | 0.371 |
| PSSb, mean (SD) | 25.6 (5.7) | 25.1 (5.6) | 26.0 (5.8) | 0.243 |
| BDIc, median (IQR) | 3.0 (7.0) | 3.0 (7.0) | 4.0 (6.8) | 0.098 |
| SAIb, mean (SD) | 36.6 (9.1) | 36.9 (9.4) | 36.3 (8.8) | 0.654 |
| TAIb, mean (SD) | 41.0 (7.3) | 41.1 (7.7) | 40.9 (7.0) | 0.824 |
| DERSb, mean (SD) | 73.3 (18.0) | 72.6 (16.9) | 73.9 (19.0) | 0.623 |
aK-SRRS data were available for 100 men and 102 women
bPSS, SAI, TAI, and DERS data were available for 101 men and all women
cBDI data were available for all men and 102 women
dp-value was calculated by comparing sexes using independent t-test for age, PSS, SAI, TAI, and DERS, Mann–Whitney U test for HCC, K-SRRS, and BDI, and Chi-square test for level of education
BDI Beck Depression Inventory, DERS Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale, HCC hair cortisol concentration, IQR interquartile range, K-SRRS Korean version of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, SAI State Anxiety Inventory, SD standard deviation, TAI Trait Anxiety Inventory