Table 2.
Non-pharmacological interventions for treatment of pregnant women with COVID-19.
| Non-pharmaco-logical interventions | Type | Nr of studies (total nr of women) | Women exposed to intervention | Outcomes in exposed | Outcomes in non-exposed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanical ventilation | Invasive respiratory support (13, 26) | 2 (434) | 40 | Maternal death (21/27); maternal COVID-19 pneumonia (10/13) | Maternal death (15/261); maternal COVID-19 pneumonia (37/133) |
| Not specified (20, 23, 24, 30) | 4 (531) | 15 | Preterm delivery (1/2); maternal death (1/4); severe/ critical COVID-19† (1/1); neonatal death (0/2); neonatal COVID-19 positive (1/8); NICU admission (1/2) | Preterm delivery (3/35); maternal death (6/304); severe/ critical COVID-19† (6/60); neonatal death (1/35); neonatal COVID-19 positive (3/117); NICU admission (4/35) | |
| Oxygen administration | Nasal cannula (9) | 1 (5) | 1 | CS (1/1); preterm delivery (1/1); neonatal death (0/1) | CS (1/1); preterm delivery (1/1); neonatal death (0/1) |
| Oxygen support or non-invasive ventilation (9, 12, 14, 26, 27) | 5 (1133) | 215 | CS (26/30); preterm delivery (15/30); maternal death (5/166); maternal COVID-19 pneumonia (22/28); severe/ critical COVID-19* (11/20); NICU admission (14/30); stillbirth (0/29) | CS (65/156); preterm delivery (37/156); maternal death (32/739); maternal COVID-19 pneumonia (25/118); severe/ critical COVID-19* (3/57); NICU admission (23/160); stillbirth (7/152) | |
| Not specified (19, 20, 24) | 3 (130) | 26 | Preterm delivery (0/1); ICU admission (2/18); severe/ critical COVID-19† (7/7); neonatal death (0/1); NICU admission (0/1) | Preterm delivery (4/36); ICU admission (0/14); severe/ critical COVID-19† (0/54); neonatal death (1/36); NICU admission (5/36) | |
| Nasal cannula, CPAP (14) | 1 (42) | 7 | CS (5/7) | CS (13/35) |
*CS = Caesarean Section ICU = Intensive Treatment Unit NICU = Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
*severe/critical COVID-19 is defined as need for urgent delivery based on maternal respiratory function and/or ICU or subintensive care admission during pregnancy or the postpartum period.
†Dyspnoea, respiratory frequency ≥ 30/min, blood oxygen saturation ≤ 93%, partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio < 300, and lung infiltrates > 50% on chest X-ray; and critical disease was defined as respiratory failure, septic shock, and multiple organ failure.