Supplementary Figure 2.

Machine learning–based bacteria quantification and invasion of epithelium in 2 cases of IBS biofilms. (A) Unmodified exemplary picture of bacteria detected with U-Net machine learning on an image (colonic biopsy of BF⁺ patient with IBS), which was not part of the U-Net training set (red crosses), DAPI (blue), and overlay of FISH general bacterial probe signal (green). (B) Bacterial invasion into the epithelium in 2 cases of IBS biofilms DAPI (blue) FISH general bacterial probe (green).