Skip to main content
PMC home page
Frontiers in Pediatrics logoLink to Frontiers in Pediatrics
. 2021 Oct 6;9:661796. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.661796

The Prevalence of Mental Problems for Chinese Children and Adolescents During COVID-19 in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Jiabao Chai 1,†, Huili Xu 2,†, Ning An 3, Pan Zhang 4, Fuquan Liu 5, Sushuang He 1, Na Hu 1, Xue Xiao 6,*, Yonghua Cui 7,*, Ying Li 7,*
PMCID: PMC8527981  PMID: 34692601

Abstract

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused mental problems among the public and medical staff in China, especially for children and adolescents, a vulnerable group that might present with more mental problems. It seems that there is a rapid growth in the mental problems (such as depression or anxiety) of Chinese children and adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. Although several studies reported the prevalence of depression or anxiety problems for children and adolescents, the results are different across different age groups and sex groups. Moreover, the sample size of these studies was small. In the present study, we aim to perform a meta-analysis to identify the confirmed prevalence of depression and anxiety problems for Chinese children and adolescents during home confinement. Five databases were searched including PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and both inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed. Finally, a total of 12 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The protocol of this systematic review was registered with INPLASY (protocol ID: INPLASY202150032). It found that the pooled prevalence of mental problems was 28% (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.22–0.34), and the depression and anxiety problem for children and adolescents in China was 22% (95% CI: 0.16–0.30) and 25% (95% CI: 0.20–0.32) based on a random effect model, separately. Subgroup analysis was used to identify that there are no differences between different age groups (primary and middle school vs. high school) (p = 0.26). Meta-regression analysis was performed and the results showed that the moderator of boy percentage was a significant factor (p = 0.04). It indicated that there was an increasing number of children and adolescents with mental problems during the home confinement. It suggested that we should pay more attention to this vulnerable population during a public health crisis in the future, especially for the girls groups, and more detailed implements for mental health management were needed and should be prepared.

Systematic Review: The protocol of this systematic review was registered with INPLASY. The protocol ID was INPLASY202150032

Keywords: children and adolescents, China, COVID-19, meta-analysis, depression, anxiety

Background

In December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out, thus representing another national public health emergency (1). The World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the COVID-19 outbreak was a global public health emergency on January 30, 2020 (2). The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused mental problems among the public and medical staff in China (3–5), especially for children and adolescents, a vulnerable group that might present with more mental problems (6).

For the mental problems for children and adolescents in China, there are three issues that need to be addressed. First, in our previous national survey, we have found that the prevalence of mental problems for children and adolescents was about 17% (7). But during the COVID-19 home confinement, it reported that there were nearly 30–45% of children and adolescents who might show anxiety and depression problems (8, 9). It seems that there is rapid growth for the mental problems of children and adolescents but there is a lack of more confirmed evidence. Second, due to the different stage of COVID-19, in different groups, it might show different results (6, 10). For example, a cross-sectional study among Chinese students aged 12–18 years during the COVID-19, which included 8,079 participants, reported that the prevalence of depression problem was 43.7% (8). Another survey, performed in Wuhan for the students who were restricted to home from January 23, 2020, reported the prevalence of depression problem was only 22.6% (9). It indicated that we might need more detailed reports in different dimensions of mental problems in different groups. Third, to the best of our knowledge, gender and age are potential factors affecting the mental problems of children and adolescents. But whether these factors are still the associated factors during the outbreak of COVID-19 might need further exploration.

In addition, for the reasons that account for different results of mental problems in children and adolescents, the tools used for screening might be an important associated factor (11). For example, there are at least 5 tools that were used in these related studies to assess depression in children and adolescents, which included the Chinese version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) (12), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) (13), the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRSC), 9 items version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (14), and the Mental Health Inventory of Middle School Students (MMHI-60) which included the dimension of depression (11). But which one is more suitable for the screening for children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in China? The comparisons among these tools needed to be performed.

Therefore, in this present study, a meta-analysis will be performed to identify the pooled prevalence of mental problems including depression and anxiety problems for children and adolescents in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The influence of age and gender on the mental problems of children and adolescents will also be explored. Furthermore, the review of screening tools for the mental health of children also will be performed which can help the future survey for researchers. In addition, we used the term “mental problem” to describe mental health related problems including depression, anxiety, stress, or other associated problems in this present study.

Methods and Materials

Searching of Relevant Studies

Five databases were searched including PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). We only considered studies published from November 1, 2019, to March 1, 2021. The search terms were as follows: “children” or “adolescents” or “child” or “young” or “students” and “mental” or “depression” or “anxiety” or “psychological health problems” or “stress” and “COVID-19” or “coronavirus pneumonia.” References of related articles were also searched for any other relevant studies (we also searched the corresponding term in Chinese in CNKI). Due to the limited number of studies focus on sleep problems or other mental problems, we only searched related terms mentioned above. For more details of the searching strategies see Supplementary Table 1. The protocol of this systematic review was registered with INPLASY (protocol ID: INPLASY202150032).

Inclusion Criteria and Exclusion Criteria

Both the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were developed as follows:

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. The participants were Chinese children and adolescents;

  2. The survey date was during the home confine period;

  3. Have data regarding the prevalence of mental problems with a validated screening tool;

  4. Written in English or Chinese;

  5. COVID-19 related research.

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. No data on the prevalence of mental problems were reported;

  2. The assessment did not include the depression, anxiety, and stress problem;

  3. The age of participants was over 18 years old (such as college students).

Data Extraction

We extracted the following information from the included studies: authors, participants, mean ages, sample sizes, the number of boys and girls, the screening tools used, survey location, and the prevalence of the mental problem. The term “mental problem” was used to describe the mental health related problems including depression, anxiety, stress, or other associated mental problems in this present study.

Statistical Analysis

A p-value < 0.05 was required to be statistically significant, and all of the analyses were performed in R (version 3.5.3) using the “meta” or “metafor” packages. A random-effects model was used to examine the pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety problems for children and adolescents (15). The I2 and forest plots were used to identify the heterogeneity of the pooled prevalence of mental problems.

First, meta-analysis was used to identify the pooled prevalence of mental problems. Second, the publication bias was tested by Egger's funnel plot. Third, the subgroup analysis (such as the different school levels) and meta-regression analyses (such as the percentages of boys) were used to explore the potential heterogeneities and identify the potential influencing factors.

Results

Characteristics of the Included Studies

The reasons for exclusion included “duplicate records” (N = 193), “excluded after reviewing the title and abstract” (N = 55), “not include the depression, anxiety and stress problem” (N = 4), and “data regarding the prevalence of mental problems with a validated screening tool” (N = 5). Finally, a total of 12 studies included in the systematic review involved 34,276 Chinese children or adolescents (6, 8–10, 16–22). Two studies were based on the same sample (19, 20). All of them are cross-sectional studies. All surveys were conducted online due to COVID-19. For more information about the identification of included studies see Figure 1; Table 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Flowchart of the identification for the included studies.

Table 1.

The included studies.

No. Study Participants Age (Years) Sex (Boys/Girls) Location Screening Tools Sample Size Prevalence
1 Dai et al. (17) High school students 16.8 ± 1.1 653/836 Chengdu DASS-21 1,399 26%
2 Liu et al. (18) Junior high school students Not Clear 302/535 Guangxi SCL-90 837 22%
3 Li et al. (19) Children and adolescents 12.82 ± 2.61 199/197 Shanxi SCARED 396 22%
4 Wang et al. (20) Children and adolescents 12.82 ± 2.61 199/197 Shanxi DSRS 396 10%
5 Tang and Ying (21) Middle school 14.01 ± 1.56 1,724/1,788 Sichuan MMHI-60 3,512 30%
6 Wang and Xu (22) High school 16–18 129/281 Across the country GAD-7/PSS-10/SCSQ 410 48%
7 Zhou et al. (8) Middle and High school 12–18 3,753/4,326 Across the country PHQ-9/GAD-7 8,079 44%
8 Xie et al. (9) Primary school N/A 1,012/772 Hubei CDI-S 1,784 23%
9 Tang et al. (16) Primary and Secondary school 11.86 ± 2.32 2,214/2,128 Shanghai DASS-21 4,342 25%
10 Dong et al. (10) Primary and Middle School 12.34 ± 4.67 1,057/993 Hunan, Shandong etc. DASS-21 2,050 18%
11 Duan et al. (6) Primary, Secondary and High school 7–18 1,812/1,801 Across the country CDI 3,613 22%
12 Liu et al. (3) college and primary school students N/A 161/238 Sichuan SSS 399 35%
Open in a new tab

DASS-21, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; SCL-90, Symptom Checklist; SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders; DSRS, Depression Self-rating Scale for Children; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; MMHI-60, Mental Health Inventory of Middle-school students; PSS-10, Perceived Stress Scale; SCSQ, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire; CDI-S, Children's Depression Inventory–Short Form; N/A, Not Available; SSS, Somatic Self-rating Scale. Prevalence, the prevalence of mental problems of each study.

Quality Assessment for Included Studies

Quality assessment was conducted (N = 12). The quality of each included study was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data which included 9 items (1. Was the sample frame appropriate to address the target population? 2. Were study participants sampled in an appropriate way? 3. Was the sample size adequate? 4. Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? 5. Was the data analysis conducted with sufficient coverage of the identified sample? 6. Were valid methods used for the identification of the condition? 7. Was the condition measured in a standard, reliable way for all participants? 8. Was there appropriate statistical analysis? 9. Was the response rate adequate, and if not, was the low response rate managed appropriately?) (23). Because all studies were quantitative with a cross-sectional design, the JBI Critical Appraisal Tool for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies was used. Studies were appraised as having low, moderate, or high methodological quality. There are two authors (JC and HX) who independently assessed each included study and reached a consensus on any differences. For more details see Table 2. The percentage of Yes items was calculated. If this percentage of Yes item is more than 75%, the study was included (23, 24).

Table 2.

The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data.

Studies 1. Was the sample frame appropriate to address the target population? 2. Were study participants sampled in an appropriate way? 3. Was the sample size adequate? 4.Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? 5. Was the data analysis conducted with sufficient coverage of the identified sample? 6. Were valid methods used for the identification of the condition? 7.Was the condition measured in a standard, reliable way for all participants? 8. Was there appropriate statistical analysis? 9. Was the response rate adequate, and if not, was the low response rate managed appropriately? Y%
Dai et al. (17) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 88.9%
Liu et al. (18) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 88.9%
Li et al. (19) Yes Yes Not Clear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 88.9%
Wang et al. (20) Yes Yes Not Clear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 88.9%
Tang and Ying (21) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100%
Wang and Xu (22) Yes Yes Not Clear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 88.9%
Zhou et al. (8) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100%
Xie et al. (9) Yes Yes Not Clear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 88.9%
Tang et al. (16) Yes Yes Not Clear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 88.9%
Dong et al. (10) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100%
Liu et al. (3) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100%
Open in a new tab

Y%, percentage of Yes items.

The Pooled Prevalence of Mental Problems for Children and Adolescents

For the mental problems (including depression problems or the anxiety problem, or stress problems), we found that the pooled prevalence of mental problems was 28% (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.22–0.34), and the depression and anxiety problem for children and adolescents in China was 22% (95% CI: 0.16–0.30) and 25% (95% CI: 0.20–0.32) based on a random-effect model, separately. For more details see Figures 2, 3.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Forest plots of the meta-analysis for the pooled prevalence of the mental problem.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

Forest plots of the depression and anxiety problems.

Publication Bias

Egger's funnel plot was used to identify the publication bias, and we found that no publication bias was identified (p = 0.26). For more details see Supplementary Figure 1. Sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the heterogeneity of the pooled prevalence of mental problems. But no study showed the change of the heterogeneity more than 5%. For more details see Supplementary Figure 2.

Subgroup Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis

Subgroup analysis was performed by different age groups (primary and middle school vs. high school). For more details see Figure 4. But there are no differences identified between different age groups. Meta-regression analysis was performed and the results showed that the moderator of boy percentage was a significant factor (p = 0.04). For more details see Figure 5.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

Subgroup analysis by different “age groups” (primary and middle school vs. high school).

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

The meta-regression analysis by “sex.”

The Summary of Screening Tools in the Included Studies

In addition, we summarize the related tools for the mental health of children and adolescents used in China: the number of items, the cutoff scores, the minimal age suitable for each tool, as well as the main strength and limitation for this tool. For more details see Table 3. A total of nine scales were used in the included studies to screen for depression or anxiety. Three items of DSSS-21 were used, two things of GAD-7 and Scared were used, and the other seven scales were used once each. It showed that the DASS-21 was used more frequently than other tools.

Table 3.

Screening tools for anxiety and depression.

Scale Items Minimum Age Cutoff Strength and Limitation
DASS-21 21 11 10 for anxiety
10 for depression
15 for stress		 Dimension included depression, anxiety, and stress, but not suitable for individuals aged <10 years;
SCL-90 90 8 Factor score ≥ 2 Comprehensive tool for mental health but with too much items, not suitable for screening assessment;
SCARED 41 8 14–16 Assessing different dimensions for Anxiety but with a little too much items;
DSRSC 18 7 14/15 Assessing different dimensions for Depression;
GAD-7 7 10 5–9 and above Screening tool for Anxiety symptoms but only include the general anxiety symptoms
PHQ-9 9 11 5–9 and above Screening tool for Depression symptoms but not suitable for children <10
MMHI-60 60 10 Factor score ≥ 2 Comprehensive tool for mental health but with too much items
CDI 27 7 Clinical: 19
Subclinical: 12–18		 Assessment the core features for Depression symptoms;
SSS 20 N/A Positive ≥40 Assess physical, anxiety, depression, and mixed anxiety and depression symptoms.
Open in a new tab

DASS, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; SCL-90, Symptom Check-list 90; SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7; PHQ-9, 9 items of Patient Health Questionnaire; DSRSC, Depression Self-rating Scale for Children; MMHI-60, Mental Health Inventory of Middle School Students; CDI, Children's Depression Inventory; SSS, Somatic Self-rating Scale.

Discussion

In this present study, we found that the pooled prevalence of mental problem was 28%. For depression problem, it was 22% and the anxiety problem was 25%, while the mental problems in our previous national survey were only 17% (7). It indicated that the prevalence of mental problems of children and adolescents was increasing during home confinement after the outbreak of COVID-19. After the COVID-19 outbreak, nearly all schools were shut down nationally in China and nearly all students had to face home confinement (25). Although online teaching activities were provided to children and adolescents during this period (26, 27), it seemed that mental health-protecting activities were also needed. A survey conducted in the United States found that 40.1% of parents reported observing signs of distress in their children, which seemed higher than in China. Recently, a rapid systematic review of the mental problem showed that children and adolescents are more likely to suffer a high prevalence of depression and anxiety problem during a pandemic (28). The impact of the pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents is inevitable.

In this present study, we also found that sex might be an influencing factor for the mental problem of children and adolescents. For the influencing factor of sex, it was also confirmed by a study from the United States which included 683 adolescents (29). But negative results were also reported (9). Moreover, one study found higher mental problems in older children (8), but negative results were also found in this present study. To date, there are a strikingly small number of published studies examining the prevalence of mental problems in children and adolescents during the COVID-19. Therefore, a larger number of studies were needed. In the future, we should further explore more the protective factors and risk factors that might influence the mental problems of children and adolescents.

Children facing unexpected and unknown events typically exhibit various stress reactions. Several studies have documented the damaging effects of psychological stress due to negative events in children (30, 31). For the increasing mental problems for children and adolescents during COVID-19 in China, several reasons might account for this phenomenon. Firstly, during the course of home confinement, they are often forced to stay home for long periods, which might result in limited connection with their friends and reduced outdoor activity (32, 33). Secondly, it has been found that during an epidemic outbreak, the adults might also experience negative emotional responses (34). For example, it found that COVID-19 causes moderate-to-severe mental health in about one-third of adults for Chinese people (4). When these adults with depression or anxiety symptoms faced their children at home, conflict might more easily occur (35). Thirdly, a recent report on mitigating the effects of home confinement on children stated that home confinement could offer an excellent opportunity to work on and improve interactions between parents and children (25). However, when parents have to take the roles of both caregiver and teacher during home confinement for a long time, there can be conflict. It indicated that the relationship between the parents and their children plays a critical role in children's mental health, and with the outbreak of COVID-19 in China, this relationship is facing further challenges (36). Finally, after the outbreak of COVID-19, information overload often happened for children and adolescents which might lead to more negative emotions with them (37). In addition, many Chinese parents tend to overlook their children's mental health. For example, due to the lack of knowledge about children's mental health, many parents cannot differentiate normal and abnormal behavioral and emotional problems in their children, especially for the left-behind children (parents go to the big city to work, not around the child, and the child is taken care of by grandparents or grandparents) (38, 39). Overall, the public awareness of the importance of mental health for children and adolescents during public health crises still needs to be strengthened.

How to protect children and adolescents from the negative impact on mental health during a public health crisis such as COVID-19? Several issues need to be addressed in the future. First is to strengthen the public awareness about mental health for children and adolescents. Second, regular daily activities management and a fixed date to contact their friends and teachers online might ease their stress during social distancing. Third, a “soft” parent-child relationship that communicates in a more friendly, sincere, and democratic way was needed. Finally, limited time usage of cell phones or pads is also necessary for children and adolescents to avoid information overload. As the pandemic continues, we should monitor the impact on children's and adolescents' mental problems and help them to improve their mental health outcomes.

In addition, for the tools used for screening the depression and anxiety of children and adolescents in China, the DASS-21 might be the suitable tool for this usage (including the dimension of depression, anxiety, and stress). GAD-7 and PHQ-9 can be used together for the quick screening of depression and anxiety. For more confirmed assessment of depression or anxiety and associative symptoms for children and adolescents, SCARED and DSRSC were recommended. The MMHI-60 can be used as a comprehensive tool for screening mental problems in Chinese children and adolescents.

Two limitations need to be addressed. First, the high heterogeneity of the meta-analysis results in the present study indicated that we should identify the potentially influential factors which might be associated with these mixed results in future. The most possible reason for this study is the limited number of studies, different regions, the different tools for screening, and the date of the survey. With the accumulated data in the future, we should pay more attention to these factors. It should be noted that the “regions” might be one of the most important variables which need to be explored. However, we could not classify the “region” in suitable terms. Some of the surveys were based on the national regions or two regions which lead to the difficulty to perform the subgroup analysis. Second, we only identified the pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents; other mental health problems, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), sleep problems, and appetite problems, should also be explored. In addition, there is a lack of screening tools for children younger than 8. In future studies, we should develop more validated tools for different age groups.

Conclusions

In this present study, we found that the pooled prevalence of mental problem was 28%. For the depression problem, it was 22% and the anxiety problem was 25%. It indicated that there was an increasing number of mental problems in this special period for children and adolescents. We found that sex might be an influencing factor for the mental problems of children. It suggested that we should pay more attention to this vulnerable population during a public health crisis in the future, and more detailed implements for mental health management for this vulnerable population were needed.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

Author Contributions

For this manuscript, YC and YL took the initiative. JC, NH, FL, and SH finished the data extraction. PZ and NA performed the data analysis. JC, XX, and HX finished the draft. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82001445. YL was the founder. The funding body had no further role in the study design, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, the writing of the manuscript, and the decision to submit the paper for publication.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2021.661796/full#supplementary-material

Supplementary Figure 1

The funnel plot of the meta-analysis.

Click here for additional data file. (88.3KB, TIF)
Supplementary Figure 2

The sensitivity analysis for the included studies.

Click here for additional data file. (66.6KB, TIF)
Click here for additional data file. (14.8KB, docx)

References

  • 1.Chen S, Yang J, Yang W, Wang C, Barnighausen T. COVID-19 control in China during mass population movements at new year. Lancet. (2020) 395:764–6. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30421-9 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O'Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, et al. World health organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg. (2020) 76:71–6. 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Xiang YT, Liu Z, Hu S, et al. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. (2020) 7:E17–8. 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, McIntyre RS, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun. (2020) 87:40–8. 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, Wang L, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. (2020) 7:E15–6. 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Duan L, Shao X, Wang Y, Huang Y, Miao J, Yang X, et al. An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. J Affect Dis. (2020) 275:112–8. 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Cui Y, Li F, Leckman JF, Guo L, Ke X, Liu J, et al. The prevalence of behavioral and emotional problems among Chinese school children and adolescents aged 6–16: a national survey. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2021) 30:233–41. 10.1007/s00787-020-01507-6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Zhou SJ, Zhang LG, Wang LL, Guo ZC, Wang JQ, Chen JC, et al. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2020) 29:749–58. 10.1007/s00787-020-01541-4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Xie X, Xue Q, Zhou Y, Zhu K, Liu Q, Zhang J, et al. Mental health status among children in home confinement during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Pediatr. (2020) 174:898–900. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1619 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Dong H, Yang F, Lu X, Hao W. Internet addiction and related psychological factors among children and adolescents in china during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemic. Front Psychiatry. (2020) 11:00751. 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00751 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Li A, Zhang Y, Li K. Recent developments in assessment tools for depression in children and adolescents in China. Chin Gen Pract. (2017) 20:4464–9. 10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.00.094 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Wang K, Shi HS, Geng FL, Zou LQ, Tan SP, Wang Y, et al. Cross-cultural validation of the depression anxiety stress scale-21 in China. Psychol Assess. (2016) 28:e88–100. 10.1037/pas0000207 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Figueras M, Amador-Campos JA, Gomez-Benito J, del Barrio Gandara V. Psychometric properties of the children's depression inventory in community and clinical sample. Span J Psychol. (2010) 13:990–9. 10.1017/S1138741600002638 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Richardson LP, McCauley E, Grossman DC, McCarty CA, Richards J, Russo JE, et al. Evaluation of the patient health questionnaire-9 item for detecting major depression among adolescents. Pediatrics. (2010) 126:1117–23. 10.1542/peds.2010-0852 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Brockwell SE, Gordon IR. A comparison of statistical methods for meta-analysis. Stat Med. (2001) 20:825–40. 10.1002/sim.650 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Tang S, Xiang M, Cheung T, Xiang YT. Mental health and its correlates among children and adolescents during COVID-19 school closure: the importance of parent-child discussion. J Affect Dis. (2021) 279:353–60. 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.016 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Dai X, Liu T, Liu Y. Psychological status and influencing factors of high school students in Chengdu during the outbreak of COVID-19. Mod Prev Med. (2020) 47:3911–4. [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Liu G, You M, Lu H. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of high school seniors in Guangxi. J Guangxi Med Univ. (2020) 37:1731–4. 10.16190/j.cnki.45-1211/r.2020.09.027 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Li S, Wang Y, Yang Y, Lei X, Yang Y. Investigation on the influence factors for anxiety related emotional disorders of children and adolescents with home quarantine during the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019. Chin J Child Health Care. (2020) 28:407–10. 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-0169 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Wang Y, Yang Y, Li S, Lei X, Yang Y. Investigation on the status and influence factors for depression symptom of children and adolescents with home quarantine during the prevalence of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Chin J Child Health Care. (2020) 28:277–80. 10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-0178 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Tang L, Ying B. Investigation on the status and influence factors for mental health of middle school students during the outbreak of coronavirus pneumonia. Mental Health Educ Prim Second School. (2020) 10:57–61. 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2684.2020.10.019 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Wang N, Xu P. Investigation on psychological stresses and coping styles of adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. J Dali Univ. (2020) 5:123–8. 10.3969/j.issn.2096-2266.2020.07.019 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. Int J Evid Based Healthc. (2015) 13:147–53. 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000054 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Migliavaca CB, Stein C, Colpani V, Munn Z, Falavigna M, Prevalence Estimates Reviews - Systematic Review Methodology G . Quality assessment of prevalence studies: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol. (2020) 127:59–68. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.039 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Jiang F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet. (2020) 395:945–7. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Chen T, Peng L, Yin X, Rong J, Yang J, Cong G. Analysis of user satisfaction with online education platforms in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare. (2020) 8:200. 10.3390/healthcare8030200 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Dong C, Cao S, Li H. Young children's online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: Chinese parents' beliefs and attitudes. Child Youth Serv Rev. (2020) 118:105440. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Meherali S, Punjani N, Louie-Poon S, Abdul Rahim K, Das JK, Salam RA, et al. Mental health of children and adolescents amidst COVID-19 and past pandemics: a rapid systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:3432. 10.20944/preprints202103.0149.v1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Oosterhoff B, Palmer CA, Wilson J, Shook N. Adolescents' motivations to engage in social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: associations with mental and social health. J Adolesc Health. (2020) 67:179–85. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.004 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Zhou X. Managing psychological distress in children and adolescents following the COVID-19 epidemic: a cooperative approach. Psychol Trauma. (2020) 12:S76–S78. 10.1037/tra0000754 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Jiao WY, Wang LN, Liu J, Fang SF, Jiao FY, Pettoello-Mantovani M, et al. Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. J Pediatr. (2020) 221:264–6 e1. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Wagner KD. Addressing the experience of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Psychiatry. (2020) 81:20ed13394. 10.4088/JCP.20ed13394 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Javed B, Sarwer A, Soto EB, Mashwani ZU. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic's impact on mental health. Int J Health Plann Manage. (2020) 35:993–6. 10.1002/hpm.3008 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Romero E, Lopez-Romero L, Dominguez-Alvarez B, Villar P, Gomez-Fraguela JA. Testing the effects of COVID-19 confinement in spanish children: the role of parents' distress, emotional problems and specific parenting. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2020) 17:6975. 10.3390/ijerph17196975 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Cui Y, Li Y, Zheng Y, Chinese Society of C Adolescent P . Mental health services for children in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: results of an expert-based national survey among child and adolescent psychiatric hospitals. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2020) 29:743–8. 10.1007/s00787-020-01548-x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Russell BS, Hutchison M, Tambling R, Tomkunas AJ, Horton AL. Initial challenges of caregiving during COVID-19: caregiver burden, mental health, and the parent-child relationship. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. (2020) 51:671–82. 10.1007/s10578-020-01037-x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Farooq A, Laato S, Islam A. Impact of online information on self-isolation intention during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional study. J Med Internet Res. (2020) 22:e19128. 10.2196/19128 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Li J, Li J, Huang Y, Thornicroft G. Mental health training program for community mental health staff in Guangzhou, China: effects on knowledge of mental illness and stigma. Int J Ment Health Syst. (2014) 8:49. 10.1186/1752-4458-8-49 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Tao XW, Guan HY, Zhao YR, Fan ZY. Mental health among left-behind preschool-aged children: preliminary survey of its status and associated risk factors in rural China. J Int Med Res. (2014) 42:120–9. 10.1177/0300060513503922 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Figure 1

The funnel plot of the meta-analysis.

Click here for additional data file. (88.3KB, TIF)
Supplementary Figure 2

The sensitivity analysis for the included studies.

Click here for additional data file. (66.6KB, TIF)
Click here for additional data file. (14.8KB, docx)

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

Articles from Frontiers in Pediatrics are provided here courtesy of Frontiers Media SA

RESOURCES