Scheme 1. (A) Schematic illustration of the fluorescent-type ECL (FL-ECL), aggregation-induced emission-type ECL (AIE-ECL) and aggregation-induced delayed fluorescence (AIDF)-type ECL (AIDF-ECL) and their mechanisms, in which S1, T1, S0, PF-ECL, DF-ECL, IS, RISC and NR represent the lowest singlet state, the lowest triplet state, the ground singlet state, prompt fluorescent ECL, delayed fluorescent ECL, intersystem crossing, reverse intersystem crossing, and nonradiative deactivation, respectively. (B) Preparation of the AIDF aggregated luminogens by self-assembly in a mixed solvent. Inside the dashed box are the schematic diagrams of photophysical transitions in the molecular state in THF solution or the aggregated solid state in a THF/H2O mixed solvent. (C) Chemical structures of AIE (left) and AIDF (right) molecules used in this report.
