Photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cells.
| Device | Scana | J SC (mA cm−2) | V OC (V) | FF | PCE (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Forward | 31.1 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 18.2 |
| Reverse | 30.9 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 18.1 | |
| TM-DHP | Forward | 31.6 | 0.79 | 0.76 | 19.0 |
| Reverse | 31.3 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 18.7 | |
| TM-DHP + maltol | Forward | 33.2 | 0.82 | 0.77 | 21.0 |
| Reverse | 33.1 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 21.4 |
Scan direction: forward and reverse denotes the scan direction from JSC to VOC and from VOC to JSC, respectively.