FIGURE 4.

Image analysis of thylakoid architecture and MS‐base quantification of morphology‐related proteins from Arabidopsis plants cultivated in the lab and field. (a) Thin‐section electron micrographs of Lab (top row) and Field (bottom row) chloroplasts (scale bars: .5 μm) within leaves. (b) Number of membrane layers per grana stack calculated from electron microscopy images of chloroplasts in Lab (n = 354 grana stacks) and Field (n = 317 grana stacks) (Welch's t test. ****P < .0001). Error bars indicate mean ± SD. (c) Three‐dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D‐SIM) images (shown as max projections on the z‐axis with tricubic sharp interpolation) of chloroplasts in Lab (top row) and Field (bottom row) leaves. (d) Full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) fluorescence intensity of the fluorescent spots (grana) in 3D‐SIM images of chloroplasts in Lab (n = 100) and Field (n = 88) plants (Welch's t test. **P < .01). Error bars indicate mean ± SD. (e) Relative abundances of proteins involved in the modulation of thylakoid membrane architecture, expressed as a percentage of the mean in Lab thylakoids. Details of sampling and results representation are as stated in Figure 3