TABLE 3.
Validity of bioelectrical impedance in multi-ethnic and minority samples of healthy adults1
| Study | Criterion | Outcome | n | Race/ethnicity | Sex (%male) | Age,2 y | MD (±SD)3 | TE3 | SEE3 | R 2 | 95% LOA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bioelectrical impedance analysis | |||||||||||
| Bosy-Westphal et al. (43) | 4C | FFM | 130 | Multi (31 Hispanic, 32 White, 31 Black, 36 Asian) | 50 | 40.7 | H: 0.4 (1.8) | 1.9 | — | — | −3.1 to 3.9 |
| W: 0.7 (2.1) | 2.1 | −3.4 to 4.8 | |||||||||
| B: 1.5 (1.7)4 | 2.2 | −1.8 to 4.8 | |||||||||
| A: 0.7 (1.8)4 | 1.9 | −2.8 to 4.2 | |||||||||
| Stolarczyk et al. (49) | HW | FFM | 602 | Multi (247 NA, 111 Hispanic, 244 White) | 38.2 | 37.0 ± 13 (F) | 0.14–3.17 (F)4 | 2.28–4.50 | 2.22–3.02 | 0.73–0.86 | — |
| 33.5 ± 9.4 (M) | 0.51–4.88 (M)4 | 3.62–7.23 | 3.59–5.21 | 0.76–0.89 | — | ||||||
| Lopez et al. (59) | DXA | %fat | 74 | Black | 0 | 47.6 ± 7.7 | 1.8 | — | 4.7 | 0.41 | — |
| Wagner et al. (56) | HW | FFM | 37 | Black | 100 | 30.8 ± 7.6 | −3.3 | 2.7–6.0 | 2.1–3.9 | 0.79–0.83 | — |
| Stout et al. (57) | HW | %fat | 20 | Black | 100 | 21.0 ± 3.0 | 7.04 | 9.4 | 5.9 | 0.32 | — |
| Aglago et al. (58) | D2O | FFM | 125 | North African | 22.4 | 18–64 | −3.0–0.04 (F)4 | 2.4–4.1 | — | 0.62–0.835 | — |
| −2.5–0.97 (M)4 | 2.6–3.9 | — | 0.64–0.765 | — | |||||||
| Duerenberg et al. (52) | 4C | %fat | 298 | Asian (140 Chinese, 72 Malay, 86 Indian) | 49.5 | 36.2 ± 12.0 (F) | −0.7–1.5 (F) | — | 4.5 | 0.76 | — |
| 41.9 ± 12.9 (M) | 0.7–2.0 (M)4 | ||||||||||
| Kupper et al. (51) | 3C | %fat | 41 | Indonesian | 43.9 | 21.2 ± 2.9 (F) | 3.5 (2.4) (F)4 | — | — | 0.56 | −1.2 to 8.2 |
| 28.1 ± 6.6 (M) | 2.8 (4.3) (M)4 | — | — | — | −5.6 to 11.2 | ||||||
| Vasudevan et al. (53) | DXA | %fat | 155 | Asian (Indian) | 47 | 45.1 ± 9.0 | 4.54, 6 | — | — | 0.676 | −9.47 to 13.9 |
| 0.77 | 0.557 | −10.4 to 11.9 | |||||||||
| Nigam et al. (54) | DXA | %fat | 200 | Asian (Indian) | 50 | 36.3 ± 7.5 (F) | −8.3 (3.9) 8 | — | 3.5–4.18 | 0.59–0.628 | −20.1 to 9.4 |
| 37.1 ± 7.7 (M) | −5.4 (4.3)9 | — | 3.5–4.39 | 0.54–0.639 | −20.6 to 11.4 | ||||||
| Chen et al. (55) | DXA | FM | 209 | Chinese | 51.2 | 27.6 ± 3.0 | 0.7 | — | — | 0.94 | — |
| LBM | 2.8 | 0.133 | — | 0.97 | — | ||||||
| Rising et al. (60) | HW | %fat | 26 | Native American | 69.2 | 32 ± 10 | 0 (3) | — | 3.22 | 0.85 | — |
| 5 (7) | — | 6.89 | 0.49 | — | |||||||
| Stolarczyk et al. (42) | 3C | FFM | 47 | Native American | 0 | 34.5 ± 9.9 | 0.7 | 2.57 | 2.38 | 0.8 | ±4.9 |
| Stolarczyk et al. (61) | 4C | FFM | 29 | Hispanic | 0 | 30.6 ± 5.5 | −4.4–0.7 | 1.6–4.6 | 1.3–2.0 | 0.76–0.90 | — |
| Macias et al. (62) | ADP | FFM | 77 | Mexican | 47 | 34.0 ± 7.6 | −0.9 (2.8) | — | — | 0.92 | −6.6 to 4.8 |
| Forrester et al. (48) | DXA | FFM | 84 | Hispanic | 83.3 | 34.4 ± 7.2 (F) | −3.4 (2.6) | — | — | 0.79 | −8.5 to 1.7 |
| 36.9 ± 9.8 (M) | 0.5 (3.4) | 0.79 | −6.1 to 7.2 | ||||||||
| Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy | |||||||||||
| Gibson et al. (63) | 4C | %fat | 146 | Multi (50 White, 48 Black, 48 Hispanic) | 50 | 33.1 ± 12.9 (F) | 3.04 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 0.77 | — |
| 30.6 ± 13.6 (M) | 0.24 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 0.71 | |||||||
| Wi-Young et al. (64) | ADP | %fat | 143 | African American | 44.8 | 20.0 ± 2.9 (F) | −0.2 | — | — | 0.52 | — |
| 21.7 ± 3.0 (M) | −2.7 | 0.76 | |||||||||
A, Asian; ADP, air displacement plethysmography; B, African American/Black; D2O, deuterium dilution; FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass; H, Hispanic; HW, hydrostatic weighing; LBM, lean body mass; LOA, limits of agreement; MD, mean difference; NA, Native American; SEE, standard error of the estimate; TE, total error; W, Caucasian/White; %fat, body fat percentage; 3C, 3-compartment model; 4C, 4-compartment model.
Values are means ± SDs.
Units for FM, FFM, and LBM outcome variables are kg; units for %fat outcome variable are %.
Significant mean difference between criterion and bioelectrical impedance measure (P < 0.05).
Concordance correlation (ρC).
Hand-held bioelectrical impedance analysis.
Leg bioelectrical impedance analysis.
Japanese-specific equation.
Caucasian-specific equation.