(A) Phosphate content of the isolated cell walls of different S. aureus strains, with S. aureus RN4220ΔmutS set to 100% (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005; ***, P < 0.0005). (B) Lysis of cell wall fragments after different treatments, which were measured after 1 hour of incubation with 2-μg/ml AtlA. Namely, pasteurized whole cells, PGN with WTA and d-alanine substitutions, PGN with WTA after removal of d-alanine substitutions, and PGN without WTA were used as the substrates (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005; ***, P < 0.0005). (C) N-acetyl-d-glucosamine substitution of the WTA based on sugar concentration in relation to the phosphate concentration with S. aureus RN4220ΔmutS set to 100% (**, P < 0.005; ***, P < 0.0005). (D) d-Alanine substitution of the WTA based on d-alanine concentration in relation to the phosphate concentration with S. aureus RN4220ΔmutS set to 100% (**, P < 0.005; ***, P < 0.0005).