Table 5.
Clinical significance of improvements in self-care behaviors in adults with heart failure using telemonitoring
| Within-group comparisons | Between-group comparisons | |||
| Citation | Final self-care behavior change in SD from baseline to follow-up | Clinical significance (change in SD ≥ 0.5) | Final self-care behavior change in SD between IG vs CG | Clinical significance (change in SD ≥ 0.5) |
| Boyne, et al.72 | 12 mo. = 0.8 | ✓ | 1.3 | ✓ |
| Evangelista, et al.17 | SC Maintenance 3 mo. = 3.9 SC Management 3 mo. = 1.8 SC Confidence 3 mo. = 0.5 |
✓ ✓ ✓ |
SC Maintenance = 1.5 SC Management = 1.8 SC Confidence = 2.3 |
✓ ✓ ✓ |
| Hägglund, et al.73a | 3 mo. = 0.8 | ✓ | 0.3 | X |
| Lycholip, et al.10 | 9 mo. = 0.8 | ✓ | 0.2 | X |
| Melin, et al.74a | 6 mo. = 1.5 | ✓ | 1.3 | ✓ |
| Moon, et al.78 | 5 weeks = 0.05 | X | 1.2 | ✓ |
| Seto, et al.77 | SC Maintenance 6 mo. = 7.0 SC Management 6 mo. = 8.5 SC Confidence 6 mo. = 1.1 |
✓ ✓ ✓ |
SC Maintenance = 7.1 SC Management = 2.3 SC Confidence = 2.3 |
✓ ✓ ✓ |
| Srisuk, et al.38b | SC Maintenance 6 mo. = 1.41 SC Management 6 mo. = 3.53 SC Confidence 6 mo. = 5.66 |
✓ ✓ ✓ |
SC Maintenance = 0 SC Management = 3.5 SC Confidence = 5.7 |
X ✓ ✓ |
| Stut, et al.15 | Daily weighing improved 31% Fluid restriction improved 14% Low-salt diet improved 16% Physical activity improved 38% |
Unable to calculate change in SD as only % changes reported. Improvements seen | No CG results reported | Unable to determine |
| Varon, et al.75c | 6 weeks = 2.5 | ✓ | No control group results reported | Unable to determine |
| Vuorinen, et al.11d | 6 mo. = 0.1 | X | 1.4 | ✓ |
| Wagenaar, et al.76e,f | 12 mo. = 6.15 | ✓ | Reported some results for CG, but unable to compare since CIs for CG were not reported at follow-up | Unable to determine |
CG, control group; CI, confidence interval; IG, intervention group; mo, months; SC, self-care; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; SQRT, square root.
SDs calculated from interquartile ranges using S ≈ (q3 – q1)/1.35 (http://www.math.hkbu.edu.hk/∼tongt/papers/median2mean.html).
SDs calculated from SEs using SD = SE x SQRT (N) (https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_7/7_7_3_2_obtaining_standard_deviations_from_standard_errors_and.htm).
Authors reported combined scores for both IGs. SDs estimated from box plot and whiskers as approximately equal to the range/4 (https://mathcs.org/statistics/course/Descriptives/box.html).
Significant differences between IG and CG at baseline.
SDs calculated from CIs of adjusted model SD = SQRT(N)∗(UpperCI – LowerCI)/(talpha,df∗2) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOnIPgCaspk).
IG 1 did not constitute telemonitoring, therefore only IG 2 is included.