Table 1.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI studies in cerebral small vessel disease.
| Study | Sample Size (Ct/Pt) | Mean Age (Ct/Pt) | DCE Protocol (FS/PS/TA) | CA/Dose (mmol/kg) | VIF | PK Model | Software | Average BBB Ktrans (Ct/Pt; ×10−3 min−1) | Main Findings | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC | NAWM | WMH | CGM | |||||||||
| Kerkhofs et al., 2021 | NA/43 | NA/68 | 3T/DT-SRGRE/25min | Gadovist (0.1) | SSS | Patlak | NK | NK | NA/0.17* | NA/0.18* | NA/0.11* | BBB leakage in the perilesional zone of WMH is related to WM degeneration |
| Shao et al., 2020 | NA/16 | NA/68 | 3T/VFA-SPGR/16min | Dotarem (0.1) | Carotid artery | Patlak | Rocketship | NA/0.76 | NA/0.61 | NK | NA/0.68 | Patterns of BBB permeability for water (Kw) and Gd tracer (Ktrans) are different |
| Uchida et al., 2020 | 21/21 | 46/51 | 3T/VFA-SPGR/5min | Dotarem (0.1) | CCA | Patlak | In-house scripts (MATLAB) | 0.78/0.89 | NK | NK | NK | Iron leakage is associated with increased BBB permeability |
| Wong et al., 2019 | NA/27 | NA/69 | 3T/DT-SRGRE/25min | Gadovist (0.1) | SSS | Patlak | NK | NK | NA/0.19* | NA/0.20* | NK | Association between BBB impairment, WMH, and hypoperfusion |
| Li et al., 2018 | 31/68 | NA/70 | 3T/VFA-SPGR/NK | Gadolinium (0.1) | SSS | Patlak | nordicICE | NK | 0.01/0.03 | 0.03/0.05 | 0.09/0.14 | BBB leakage is associated with cSVD burden |
| Li et al., 2017 | NA/102 | NA/70 | 3T/VFA-SPGR/NK | Gadolinium (0.1) | SSS | Patlak | nordicICE | NK | 0.01/0.03 | 0.03/0.05 | 0.09/0.14 | BBB leakage is associated with cSVD burden |
| Wardlaw et al., 2017 | NA/201 | NA/67 | 1.5T/VFA-SPGR/24min | Dotarem (0.1) | SSS | Linear mixed model | SAS 9.3 | NK | NK | NK | NK | BBB leakage in NAWM nearing WMH predicts cognitive decline |
| Zhang et al., 2017 | 40/80 | 69/70 | 3T/DT-SRGRE/25min | Gadovist (0.1) | SSS | Patlak | NK | NK | 0.58*/0.53* | 0.48*/0.47* | 0.82*/0.79* | BBB leakage is associated with cSVD |
| Heye et al., 2016 | NA/201 | NA/66 | 1.5T/VFA-SPGR/24min | Dotarem (0.1) | SSS | Patlak | In-house scripts (MATLAB) | NK | NA/0.30 | NA/0.40 | NK | Patlak model is suited for evaluating subtle BBB leakage, but signal drift is limiting |
| Huisa et al., 2015 | 12/22 | 61/67 | 1.5T-3T/TAPIR/2028min | Magnevist (NK) | SSS | Patlak | In-house scripts (MATLAB) | NK | NK | NK | NK | BBB permeability aeras fluctuates in Binswanger’s disease |
| Rosenberg et al., 2015 | NA/25 | NA/66 | 1.5T/TAPIR/NK | Magnevist (NK) | NK | Patlak | NK | NK | NA/1.87* | NK | NK | BBB permeability is a predictor of Binswanger’s disease |
Abbreviations: BBB: Blood-Brain Barrier; CA: Contrast Agent; CCA: Common Carotid Artery; CGM: Cortical Gray Matter; cSVD: Cerebral Small Vessel Disease; Ct: Controls; DT-SRGRE: Dual-time SRGRE; FS: Field Strength; Gd: Gadolinium; HC: Hippocampus; Ki & Ktrans: Blood-to-Brain Transfer Constant; Kw: Blood-to-Brain Water Exchange Rate; NAWM: Normal Appearing White Matter; NA: Not Applicable; NK: Not Known; PK: Pharmacokinetic; PS: Pulse Sequence; Pt: Patients; SPGR: Spoiled Gradient; SRGRE: Saturation Recovery Gradient Echo; SSS: Superior Sagittal Sinus; TA: Time Acquisition; TAPIR: fast T1 mApping sequence with Partial Inversion Recovery; VFA: Variable Flip Angle; VIF: Vascular Input Function; WMH: White Matter Hyperintensities.
Denote Ki -> Ktrans conversion using Ki = Ktrans/[1-hematocrit] with hematocrit = 0.45.