Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by sleep duration
| Characteristics | Overall | Sleep duration (hr) | ||||
| ≤5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ≥9 | ||
| Number | 143,306 | 19,003 | 48,163 | 49,589 | 21,766 | 4,785 |
| Age (yr)a | 36.6 (6.6) | 36.7 (7.0) | 36.8 (6.8) | 36.6 (6.5) | 36.2 (6.3) | 35.2 (6.1) |
| Men (%) | 38.5 | 40.2 | 47.4 | 39.0 | 22.4 | 8.6 |
| Obesity (%) | 11.8 | 14.1 | 13.6 | 11.0 | 8.6 | 7.1 |
| Current smoker (%) | 13.3 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 12.9 | 8.0 | 3.8 |
| Alcohol intake (%)b | 25.0 | 27.4 | 29.2 | 24.6 | 17.1 | 12.4 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 6.2 (6.5) | 6.6 (6.8) | 6.9 (6.9) | 6.1 (6.5) | 4.8 (5.5) | 3.8 (4.6) |
| Men | 9.9 (7.7) | 10.2 (7.9) | 10.1 (7.7) | 9.8 (7.7) | 9.4 (7.6) | 9.2 (7.4) |
| Women | 3.7 (3.9) | 3.9 (4.2) | 3.9 (4.0) | 3.6 (3.9) | 3.4 (3.7) | 3.3 (3.8) |
| HEPA (%) | 14.1 | 15.5 | 14.3 | 14.1 | 13.1 | 11.5 |
| High education (%)c | 87.9 | 86.8 | 88.9 | 88.6 | 86.0 | 82.7 |
| Married (%) | 78.4 | 72.1 | 74.9 | 79.8 | 86.0 | 90.7 |
| Depression (%) | 11.6 | 19.7 | 11.8 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 11.9 |
| Hypertension (%) | 4.4 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 2.3 |
| Diabetes (%) | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| History of CVD (%) | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 (2.6) | 22.1 (2.7) | 22.1 (2.6) | 21.8 (2.6) | 21.4 (2.6) | 21.0 (2.5) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 77.0 (7.2) | 77.5 (8.1) | 77.8 (8.1) | 76.8 (7.9) | 75.5 (7.6) | 74.3 (7.2) |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg)a | 104.8 (11.7) | 104.9 (11.7) | 105.8 (11.8) | 104.9 (11.8) | 103.0 (11.3) | 101.1 (10.5) |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg)a | 66.9 (8.8) | 66.9 (8.8) | 67.5 (8.9) | 67.0 (8.8) | 65.8 (8.5) | 64.7 (7.9) |
| Glucose (mg/dL)a | 91.3 (9.2) | 91.0 (9.7) | 91.6 (9.4) | 91.4 (9.2) | 91.0 (8.7) | 90.1 (8.7) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)a | 187.4 (31.6) | 188.5 (31.8) | 188.4 (31.5) | 187.3 (31.4) | 185.2 (31.6) | 183.8 (32.1) |
| LDL-C (mg/dL)a | 113.6 (29.4) | 114.5 (29.7) | 115.1 (29.6) | 113.5 (29.2) | 111.0 (28.8) | 109.0 (28.6) |
| HDL-C (mg/dL)a | 63.0 (14.9) | 63.2 (15.2) | 62.3 (14.9) | 63.1 (14.8) | 63.9 (14.8) | 64.8 (14.4) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)d | 75 (57–103) | 75 (56–104) | 76 (58–105) | 75 (57–103) | 72 (56–98) | 71 (54–95) |
| ALT (U/L)d | 15 (11–20) | 15 (11–20) | 15 (12–21) | 15 (11–20) | 13 (11–18) | 12 (10–16) |
| GGT (U/L)d | 15 (11–22) | 15 (11–23) | 16 (12–24) | 15 (11–22) | 13 (10–19) | 12 (10–17) |
| HOMA-IRd | 1.04 (0.71–1.48) | 1.01 (0.68–1.44) | 1.02 (0.69–1.46) | 1.05 (0.71–1.49) | 1.08 (0.73–1.53) | 1.08 (0.73–1.53) |
| hsCRP (mg/L)d | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) |
| Total energy intaked,e | 1,445.1 (1,085.2–1833.5) | 1,451.5 (1,072.1–1863.9) | 1,456.0 (1,096.8–1851.7) | 1,444.8 (1,094.1–1822.6) | 1,423.3 (1,069.4–1801.3) | 1,397.0 (1,017.5–1802.3) |
| Poor sleep quality (%) | 20.1 | 45.8 | 21.8 | 13.2 | 10.8 | 13.4 |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HEPA, health-enhancing physical activity; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
Data are expressed as follows:
a
Mean (SD);
b
≥10 g of ethanol per d;
c
≥College graduate; and
d
Median (interquartile range) or percentage.
e
Among 143,306 subjects with plausible estimated energy intake levels (within 3 SDs from the log-transformed mean energy intake).