Table 1.

Effects of illicit drugs on different species in primary testicular disease

Parameters	Illicit drugs	Species	References
Deficiency in Leydig cell function	Marijuana	Rat	Wenger et al. (88)
	Opioids	Human	Bolelli et al. (52)
Induced apoptosis in seminiferous tubules	Amphetamines	Mouse	Yamamoto et al. (89)
	Cocaine	Human	Sansone et al. (30)
Decreased diameter of seminiferous tubules	Marijuana	Dog	Dixit et al. (24)
Decreased cell adhesions	Marijuana	Dog	Dixit et al. (24)
Reduced epithelial thickness	Iranian Kerack	Mouse	Amini et al. (69)
	Methadone	Rat	Heidari et al. (27)
	Tramadol	Rat	El-Ghawet et al. (28)
	Morphine	Rat	Takzare et al. (29)
Degenerated tubules	Ecstasy	Rat	Sansone et al. (30)
Deficient spermatogenesis and sperm functionality	Marijuana	Vertebrates	Bari et al. (19)
	Marijuana	Mouse	Wenger et al. (88)
	Marijuana	Dog	Dixit et al. (24)
	Marijuana	Human	Alvarez et al. (20), Dai et al. (36)
	Heroin	Mouse	Simin F, Zahra T. (15)
	Morphine	Rat	Takzare et al. (29)
	Opioids	Human	Safarinejad et al. (38)