Table 1. .

Demographic data and performance on measures of interest for study participants

	Total error detection group (N = 64)	Phonological error detection group (N = 58)	Semantic error detection group (N = 32)
Age (years)	60.4 (9.3)	60.0 (9.2)	60.6 (8.4)
Sex (male/female)	42/22	38/20	19/13
Time since stroke (months)	47.6 (48.8)	43.4 (44.6)	49.3 (57.2)
Education (years)	16.0 (2.9)	15.9 (3.0)	16.3 (2.6)
Handedness (left/right/ambidextrous)	56/5/3	51/4/3	27/4/3
Lesion size (cm3)	117.9 (81.0)	117.8 (81.4)	121.6 (80.5)
Naming accuracy	0.52 (0.31)	0.51 (0.31)	0.48 (0.29)
Phonological errors	0.48 (0.21)	0.51 (0.19)	0.39 (0.19)
Semantic errors	0.16 (0.12)	0.15 (0.10)	0.24 (0.11)
Total error detection	0.40 (0.24)	0.40 (0.25)	0.42 (0.21)
Phonological error detection	0.40 (0.28)	0.39 (0.28)	0.42 (0.24)
Semantic error detection	0.38 (0.25)	0.38 (0.25)	0.38 (0.25)
WAB-R auditory comprehension	0.93 (0.065)	0.92 (0.065)	0.92 (0.074)
Word-to-picture matching	0.92 (0.11)	0.91 (0.11)	0.92 (0.10)
MLU	4.2 (2.3)	4.1 (2.3)	4.4 (2.2)
Digit span forwards	4.7 (3.2)	4.5 (3.2)	5.3 (3.6)
Digit span backwards	2.2 (2.0)	2.0 (1.9)	2.3 (2.2)
Digit span difference	2.5 (2.4)	2.5 (2.4)	3.0 (2.3)
Spatial span forwards	6.3 (2.2)	6.3 (2.2)	6.1 (2.5)
Spatial span backwards	5.1 (2.4)	5.3 (2.3)	5.3 (2.4)
Spatial span difference	1.1 (1.7)	0.95 (1.7)	0.81 (1.4)

Note. Standard deviations are presented in parentheses. Each behavioral measure has been divided by its maximum possible score, except MLU, digit span, and spatial span tasks, which have no maximum score. Phonological error detection and semantic error detection groups are subsets of the total error detection group. Twenty-nine participants are in both the phonological error detection and semantic error detection groups. WAB-R = Western Aphasia Battery-Revised, MLU = mean length of utterance.