Table 1.
Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants Included in the Analysis Overall and by Site
| Characteristic | Burkina Faso (n = 53) | Madagascar (n = 364) | Sudan (n = 198) | Overalla (n = 615) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Age, years | ||||||||
| 1–10 | 29 | (55) | 24 | (7) | 31 | (16) | 84 | (14) |
| 11–19 | 24 | (45) | 340 | (93) | 167 | (84) | 531 | (86) |
| Median (range) | 9 (1–19) | 15 (1–19) | 13 (2–19) | 14 (1–19) | ||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 23 | (43) | 137 | (41) | 91 | (48) | 251 | (43) |
| Female | 30 | (57) | 200 | (59) | 98 | (52) | 328 | (57) |
| Body temperature, °C | ||||||||
| ≤39.0 | 46 | (87) | 350 | (96) | 113 | (59) | 509 | (84) |
| >39.0 | 7 | (13) | 14 | (4) | 77 | (41) | 98 | (16) |
| Median (range) | 39.0 (38.0–41.4) | 38.4 (37.0–40.5) | 39.0 (38.0–40.6) | 38.4 (37.0–41.4) | ||||
| Fever duration, days | ||||||||
| ≤3 | 47 | (89) | 318 | (87) | 183 | (95) | 548 | (90) |
| >3 | 6 | (11) | 46 | (13) | 9 | (5) | 61 | (10) |
| Body mass index for age, z score | ||||||||
| Above –2 | 38 | (72) | 252 | (75) | 155 | (99) | 445 | (82) |
| –2 to –3 (moderate) | 5 | (9) | 53 | (16) | 2 | (1) | 60 | (11) |
| Below –3 (severe) | 10 | (19) | 31 | (9) | 0 | (0) | 41 | (7) |
| Hemoglobinb | ||||||||
| Normal | 19 | (41) | 90 | (60) | 70 | (49) | 179 | (53) |
| Mild anemia | 12 | (26) | 14 | (9) | 40 | (28) | 66 | (19) |
| Moderate anemia | 15 | (33) | 7 | (5) | 31 | (22) | 53 | (16) |
| Severe anemia | 0 | (0) | 39 | (26) | 2 | (1) | 41 | (12) |
| Clinical signsc | ||||||||
| Abdominal pain | 8 | (15) | 58 | (16) | 70 | (35) | 136 | (22) |
| Cough | 13 | (25) | 148 | (41) | 77 | (38) | 238 | (39) |
| Diarrhea | 9 | (17) | 71 | (20) | 19 | (19) | 99 | (16) |
| Headache | 29 | (55) | 277 | (76) | 165 | (83) | 471 | (77) |
| Rash | 0 | (0) | 12 | (3) | 5 | (3) | 17 | (3) |
| Sore throat | 0 | (0) | 133 | (37) | 83 | (42) | 216 | (35) |
| Vomiting | 17 | (32) | 58 | (16) | 70 | (19) | 145 | (24) |
| None of the above | 7 | (13) | 20 | (5) | 7 | (4) | 34 | (6) |
| Primary clinical diagnosis | ||||||||
| Respiratory tract infection | 9 | (17) | 234 | (64) | 39 | (20) | 282 | (46) |
| Urinary tract infection | 0 | (0) | 4 | (1) | 2 | (1) | 6 | (1) |
| Gastrointestinal tract infection | 5 | (9) | 54 | (15) | 7 | (4) | 66 | (11) |
| Malaria | 32 | (60) | 11 | (3) | 125 | (63) | 168 | (27) |
| Other infections | 5 | (9) | 33 | (9) | 10 | (5) | 48 | (8) |
| Otherd | 2 | (4) | 28 | (8) | 15 | (8) | 45 | (7) |
| Antibiotic treatment at dischargec | ||||||||
| Ampicillin | 0 | (0) | 71 | (20) | 26 | (13) | 97 | (16) |
| Amoxicillin | 5 | (9) | 123 | (34) | 37 | (19) | 165 | (27) |
| Ceftriaxone | 4 | (8) | 3 | (1) | 1 | (0.5) | 8 | (1) |
| Chloramphenicol | 0 | (0) | 34 | (9) | 1 | (0.5) | 35 | (6) |
| Ciprofloxacin | 5 | (9) | 21 | (6) | 5 | (3) | 31 | (5) |
| Gentamicin | 2 | (4) | 112 | (31) | 3 | (2) | 117 | (19) |
| Macrolides | 0 | (0) | 2 | (1) | 16 | (8) | 18 | (3) |
| Tetracyclines | 0 | (0) | 10 | (3) | 0 | (0) | 10 | (2) |
| Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole | 17 | (32) | 25 | (7) | 1 | (0.5) | 43 | (7) |
| Antimalarial | 9 | (17) | 10 | (3) | 114 | (58) | 133 | (22) |
a In case of missing data, not all data points sum to 615.
b Adjusted for participant age and altitude.
c Patients can have multiple clinical signs and have multiple antibiotic treatments.
d Included trauma, allergy, asthma, insect bite, and rheumatism.