Table 1.
Frequency of Exposure to Multiple antibiotics, a High-Risk Antibiotic, and the Probiotic Among Eligible Inpatients During the Observation and Intervention periods and the Incidence of Healthcare-Associated Clostridioides difficile Infection
| Intervention | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic Types During Hospitalization | Observation (All) |
Intervention (All) |
OR (95% CI) | No Probiotic | Probiotic | OR (95% CI) |
| All patients using antibiotics, no. | 5666 | 8266 | 2490 | 5776 | ||
| All HA-CDI cases, no. (%) | 84 (1.5) | 73 (0.9) | 0.59 (.43–.81)a | 28 (1.1) | 45 (0.8) | 0.69 (.43– 1.11) |
| 2+ Types | ||||||
| Patients, no. (%) | 3294 (58) | 4965 (60) | 1.08 (1.01–1.16)a | 1100 (44) | 3865 (67) | 2.6 (2.3–2.8)a |
| HA-CDI cases, no. (%) | 73 (2.2) | 61 (1.2) | 0.55 (.39–.77)a | 22 (2.0) | 39 (1.0) | 0.50 (.29–.85)a |
| 3+ Types | ||||||
| Patients, no. (%) | 1362 (24) | 2190 (26) | 1.14 (1.05–1.23)a | 269 (11) | 1921 (26) | 4.1 (3.6–4.7)a |
| HA-CDI cases, no. (%) | 52 (3.8) | 28 (1.3) | 0.33 (.21–.52)a | 8 (3.0) | 20 (1.0) | 0.34 (.15–.79)a |
| 4+ Types | ||||||
| Patients, no. | 419 (7.4) | 673 (8.1) | 1.11 (.98–1.26) | 53 (2.1) | 620 (11) | 5.5 (4.2–7.3)a |
| HA-CDI cases, no. (%) | 32 (7.6) | 11 (1.6) | 0.20 (.10–.40)a | 4 (7.5) | 7 (1.1) | 0.14 (.04–.49)a |
| Any quinolone | ||||||
| Patients, no. (%) | 1334 (24) | 1274 (15) | 0.59 (.54–.64)a | 281 (11) | 993 (17) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9)a |
| HA-CDI cases, no. (%) | 33 (2.5) | 13 (1.0) | 0.41 (.21–.78)a | 5 (1.8) | 8 (0.8) | 0.45 (.15–1.38) |
| Any 3rd-generation cephalosporin | ||||||
| Patients, no. (%) | 849 (15) | 2211 (27) | 2.1 (1.9–2.3)a |
372 (15) |
1839 (32) |
2.7 (2.4–3.0)a |
| HA-CDI cases, no. (%) | 22 (2.6) | 25 (1.1) | 0.43 (.24– 0.77)a |
7 (1.9) | 18 (1.0) | 0.52 (.21–1.24) |
| Any carbapenem | ||||||
| Patients, no. (%) | 336 (6) | 464 (6) | 0.94 (.82–1.09) | 95 (4) | 369 (6) | 1.7 (1.4–2.2)a |
| HA-CDI cases, no. (%) | 17 (5.1) | 8 (1.7) | 0.33 (.14–.77)a | 3 (3.2) | 5 (1.4) | 0.42 (.10–1.79) |
| Any high-risk antibiotic | ||||||
| Patients, no. (%) | 2277 (40) | 3659 (44) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3)a | 720 (29) | 2939 (51) | 3.4 (3.1–3.8)a |
| HA-CDI cases, no. (%) | 57 (2.5) | 39 (1.1) | 0.42 (.28–.63)a | 13 (1.8) | 26 (0.9) | 0.49 (.28–.63)a |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HA-CDI, healthcare-associated Clostridioides difficile infection; OR, odds ratio.
a Significant at P ≤ .05. Rates and incidences were compared using Fisher exact tests in standard or modified 2-by-2 contingency tables.