Figure 1.

Female competition for (a–c) gametes in the common glow worm, and (d–e) resources required for reproduction in the parasitoid wasp Goniozus legneri. (a) A female Lampyris noctiluca glowing to attract mates (photo: Jouni Valkeeniemi). (b) Experimental evidence that male L. noctiluca are attracted to brighter green LED lights, used here to mimic female displays (High brightness and Low brightness are 12.6 × 10¹² and 7.0 × 10¹¹ photons cm⁻² s⁻¹ respectively), whilst females with larger lanterns are also more fecund (c). (d) Female G. legneri fight for possession of a host on which to lay eggs, which can lead to vigorous struggles (inset; photos: Sonia Dourlot). (e) These contests are determined by differences in aggression between the owner and intruder, with the more aggressive individual, that initiates more interactions, winning the resource. The fitted line is from a logistic regression. (b-c) Figures redrawn from Open Access Data provided by Hopkins et al. (2015) under a CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication license. (d–e) Figures reproduced from Goubault et al. (2006) with permission of The Royal Society.