Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients in the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups.
| Variables | Total (n = 218) | COVID-19 (n = 96) | Non-COVID-19 (n = 122) | OR | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 48 (32–62) | 53 (40–62) | 39 (31–61) | — | — | <0.001 |
| Sex (male%) | 121 (55.5%) | 59 (61.5%) | 62 (50.8%) | 0.65 | 0.38–1.12 | 0.117 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.52 ± 3.42 | 24.21 ± 3.51 | 23.00 ± 3.27 | — | — | 0.011 |
|
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| Epidemiology | ||||||
| Exposure | 139 (63.8%) | 80 (83.3%) | 59 (48.4%) | 5.34 | 2.81–10.16 | <0.001 |
|
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| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 53 (24.3%) | 38 (39.6%) | 15 (12.3%) | 4.67 | 2.37–9.20 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 21 (9.6%) | 11 (11.5%) | 10 (8.2%) | 1.45 | 0.59–3.57 | 0.418 |
| CHD | 12 (5.5%) | 6 (6.2%) | 6 (4.9%) | 1.29 | 0.40–4.13 | 0.669 |
| COPD | 9 (4.1%) | 3 (3.1%) | 6 (4.9%) | 0.62 | 0.15–2.56 | 0.509 |
| Liver diseases∗ | 17 (7.8%) | 14 (14.6%) | 3 (2.5%) | 6.77 | 1.89–24.32 | 0.001 |
| CKD | 7 (3.2%) | 2 (2.1%) | 5 (4.1%) | 0.50 | 0.09–2.62 | 0.652 |
| Cancers# | 6 (2.8%) | 2 (2.1%) | 4 (3.3%) | 0.63 | 0.11–3.50 | 0.906 |
|
| ||||||
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Fever | 187 (86.6%) | 84 (87.5%) | 103 (85.8%) | 1.16 | 0.52–2.55 | 0.721 |
| Cough | 134 (61.5%) | 62 (64.6%) | 72 (59.0%) | 1.27 | 0.73–2.20 | 0402 |
| Expectoration | 71 (32.6%) | 30 (31.2%) | 41 (33.6%) | 0.90 | 0.51–1.59 | 0.712 |
| Muscle pain | 40 (18.3%) | 20 (20.8%) | 20 (16.4%) | 1.34 | 0.68–2.67 | 0.400 |
| Chill | 19 (8.7%) | 8 (8.3%) | 11 (9.0%) | 0.92 | 0.35–2.38 | 0.859 |
| Rhinorrhea | 44 (20.2%) | 9 (9.4%) | 35 (28.7%) | 0.26 | 0.12–0.57 | <0.001 |
| Sore throat | 33 (15.1%) | 7 (7.3%) | 26 (21.3%) | 0.29 | 0.12–0.70 | 0.004 |
| Headache | 32 (14.7%) | 12 (12.5%) | 20 (16.4%) | 0.73 | 0.34–1.58 | 0.420 |
| Tachypnea | 38 (17.4%) | 22 (22.9%) | 16 (13.1%) | 1.97 | 0.97–4.00 | 0.058 |
| Fatigue | 38 (17.4%) | 15 (15.6%) | 23 (18.9%) | 0.80 | 0.39–1.63 | 0.533 |
| Abdominal pain | 5 (2.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 4 (3.3%) | 0.31 | 0.03–2.82 | 0.273 |
| Diarrhea | 12 (5.5%) | 4 (4.2%) | 8 (6.6%) | 0.62 | 0.18–2.12 | 0.442 |
| Hemoptysis | 3 (1.4%) | 1 (1.0%) | 2 (1.6%) | 0.63 | 0.56–7.07 | >0.050 |
| Hypoxia ξ | 18 (8.3%) | 16 (16.7%) | 2 (1.7%) | 11.8 | 2.64–52.73 | <0.001 |
|
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| Chest CT image | ||||||
| GGOs | 91 (41.7%) | 51 (53.1%) | 40 (32.8%) | 2.32 | 1.34–4.03 | 0.003 |
| Consolidations | 105 (48.2%) | 70 (72.9%) | 35 (28.7%) | 6.68 | 3.68–12.16 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Involvement of pneumonia | — | — | <0.001 | |||
| Without | 52 (23.9%) | 3 (3.1%) | 49 (40.2%) | |||
| Unilateral | 64 (29.4%) | 5 (5.2%) | 59 (48.4%) | |||
| Bilateral | 102 (46.8%) | 88 (91.7%) | 14 (11.5%) | |||
∗ Liver disease included chronic hepatitis B and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. #Cancers involved the lung (n = 1), breast (n = 1), and colon (n = 1) in the COVID-19 group while for the non-COVID-19 group, lung (n = 3) and liver cancer (n = 1) were present. ξOxygen saturation < 95%. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (Q1-Q3), or number (percent). The group comparison was performed by Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney's U test, or chi-square test. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CHD: coronary heart disease; CI: confidence interval; CK: creatine kinase; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: computed tomography; diabetes: diabetes mellitus requiring treatment; GGO: ground-glass opacity; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; OR : odds ratio.