Table 2.
Comparison of pregnancy complications and outcome between chronic hepatitis B carriers and noncarriers.
| HBV negative (n = 79487) (90.4%) | HBV positive (n = 8402) (9.56%) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnicity | |||
| Chinese | 78457 (98.7%) | 8235 (98%) | <0.001 |
| Non-Chinese | 1030 (1.3%) | 167 (2%) | |
| Parity | |||
| Nulliparous | 39178 (49.3%) | 4082 (48.5%) | 0.17 |
| Multiparous | 40309 (50.7%) | 4320 (51.5%) | |
| Advanced maternal age | 21670 (27.2%) | 2296 (27.3%) | 0.82 |
| Antenatal anemia | 4926 (6.19%) | 521 (6.2%) | 0.98 |
| Cardiac diseases | 843 (1.06%) | 80 (9.5%) | 0.35 |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||
| Preexisting | 130 (1.6%) | 8 (0.09%) | 0.14 |
| Gestational diabetes | 6877 (8.65%) | 763 (9.08%) | |
| Thyroid disorders | 2125 (2.67%) | 191 (2.27%) | 0.029 |
| Renal diseases | 207 (0.26%) | 24 (0.28%) | 0.67 |
| Liver diseases | |||
| Non-hepatitis B related | 95 (0.12%) | 7 (0.08%) | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis B related∗ | — | 44 (0.5%) | |
| Respiratory diseases | 910 (1.14%) | 77 (0.91%) | 0.06 |
| Epilepsy and other neurological disorders | 156 (0.19%) | 11 (0.13%) | 0.19 |
| Psychiatric disorders | 1897 (2.38%) | 203 (2.41%) | 0.85 |
| Immunological disorders | 104 (0.13%) | 14 (0.16%) | 0.39 |
| Antepartum haemorrhage | 1769 (2.22%) | 190 (2.26%) | 0.83 |
| Surgical disorders | 144 (0.18%) | 13 (0.15%) | 0.58 |
| Hypertensive disorders | 3566 (4.48%) | 260 (3.09%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 1604 (2.02%) | 153 (1.82%) | 0.22 |
| Pregnancy outcome | |||
| Livebirth | 79147 (99.6%) | 8373 (99.67%) | 0.53 |
| Stillbirth | 235 (0.29%) | 18 (0.2%) | |
| Neonatal death | 105 (0.11%) | 11 (0.13%) | |
| Obesity (BMI >25 kg/m2) | 18362 (23.1%) | 1991 (23.7%) | 0.18 |
| Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) | 5299 (6.67%) | 522 (6,21%) | 0.12 |
| Induction of labour | 10562 (13.3%) | 938 (11.1%) | <0.001 |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Vaginal | 56552 (71.2%) | 5992 (71.3%) | 0.11 |
| Instrumental | 5913 (7.4%) | 639 (7.6%) | |
| Caesarean section | 17022 (21.4%) | 1771 (21.1%) | |
| 5 min Apgar score <7 | 428 (0.54%) | 54 (0.64%) | 0.21 |
| Small for gestational age | 5356 (6.73%) | 509 (6.05%) | 0.018 |
| Postpartum haemorrhage | 4227 (5.31%) | 452 (5.37%) | 0.81 |