Table 5.

Results of associations between socioeconomic position and childhood ratio and distribution measures.

Paper	Country	N	Age	Study or description of the population	SEP measure	Body composition measure	Findings
Willig et al. [75]	USA	254	7–12	Children from ongoing cross-sectional study, whose parents classified them through self-report as either African American, European American, or Hispanic American.	SEP	Trunk FMI	SEP was negatively associated with trunk FMI (all at p < 0.05). Increase in advantage was associated with decreases trunk FMI.
Cardel et al. [35]	USA	267	7–12	Children self-identifying as African American, European American, or Hispanic American from Birmingham, Alabama area.	SEP	Trunk FM, TAAT	Increase in social advantage associated with decreases in central adiposity.
Ness et al. [64]	UK	5 917	10	ALSPAC	Social Occupational Class	Trunk FM	No association
Magalhaes et al. [59]	Brazil	183	4–7	Children aged 4–7 from a retrospective cohort who were monitored for the first months of life by a support program to breastfeeding (PROLAC) in the city of Vicosa, southeast Brazil.	Mothers education, Income per capita	%Android Fat	No association
McCarthy et al. [61]	UK	2 297	5–14	Caucasian children from inner city London and from more affluent surrounding counties.	School Level SEP	Muscle:Fat Ratio	Lower muscle to fat ratio in low-income groups in all age groups, except for females aged 11–14.

SEP Socioeconomic Position, FMI Fat Mass Index, TAAT Total abdominal adipose tissue, ALSPAC Avon longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.