Table 3.

Comparison of implementation science frameworks used for evaluation

IS evaluation framework	Construct to evaluate	Construct definition	Similar construct	Case studies
Proctor’s outcomes [29]	Acceptability	Extent to which implementation stakeholders perceive innovation to be agreeable or palatable	Satisfaction	Ahmed et al. [30]: implementing PROMs in a chronic pain network Roberts et al. [31]: implementing PROMs in routine cancer care van Oers et al. [32]: implementing PROMs for pediatric and adult clinics treating chronic conditions
	Appropriateness	Perceived fit, relevance, or compatibility of innovation for given practice setting	Compatibility, usefulness
	Adoption	Intention, initial decision, or action to employ innovation by service settings (proportion and representativeness)	Uptake
	Feasibility	Extent to which innovation can be successfully used or carried out within given setting	Practicability
	Reach/penetration	Extent to which target population is reached	Service penetration
	Fidelity	Degree to which innovation or implementation strategy delivered as intended	Adherence
	Costs	Financial impact of innovation, including costs, personnel, and clinic and patient time necessary for treatment delivery, or cost of implementation strategy	Cost–benefit, cost-effectiveness
	Sustainability	Extent to which innovation is maintained as intended and/or institutionalized within service setting’s ongoing operations	Maintenance, institutionalized
Reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) www.re-aim.org [47, 48]	Reach	Extent to which target population is reached	Penetration	Manalili and Santana [33]: implementing PREMs for quality improvement in primary care
	Effectiveness	Impact of innovation on important outcomes, including potential negative effects, quality of life, and economic
	Adoption	Absolute number, proportion, and representativeness of settings and intervention agents (people who deliver the program) who are willing to initiate a program	Uptake
	Implementation	• At setting level: intervention agents’ fidelity to various elements of innovation’s protocol, including consistency of delivery as intended and time and cost of intervention • At individual level: use of intervention strategies
	Maintenance	• At setting level: extent to which an innovation becomes institutionalized/part of routine practices and policies • At individual level: Long-term effects of innovation on outcomes 6+ months after most recent contact	Sustainability, institutionalized