Table 2.

characteristics of the included studies

Author	Country	Study type	Sample size	Population	Age range	Household alcohol exposure	Household location	NHLBI Quality score	NHLBI Overall Assessment
Ahmed et al. [78]	Malaysia	Cross-sectional study	3509	Primary school children	10–12 years	Father /Mother	Mixed	10	Good
Bele et al. [45]	India	Cross-sectional study	370	Children in a slum area	5–10 years	Father	Urban slums	6	Fair
Betancourt et al. [74]	Rwanda	Cross-sectional study (as part of larger Case–control study)	680	Children /adolescent with/without HIV	10–17 years	Family	Rural	6	Fair
Burlaka et al. [63]	Ukraine	Cross-sectional study	251	Children participating in the Ukrainian Child and Family Study	9–16 years	Mother	Mixed	9	Good
Chander et al. [58]	South Africa	Cross-sectional study	980	Interview of pre-school children and caregivers in the Asenze Study	4–6 years	Caregiver	Peri-urban	9	Fair
da Rocha et al. [72]	Brazil	Case–control study	146	Those with an IQ less than 70 referred to a special education institution	7–19	Relative	Urban	6	Fair
Demirci et al. [75]	Turkey	Cross-sectional study	1969	Children and youth seeking treatment for substance abuse	11–20 years	Parents/relatives	Urban	8	Fair
Drabick et al. [46]	Ukraine	Cross-sectional study	600	Children evacuated from around Chernobyl and controls	10–12 years	Father	Urban	7	Fair
Jardin et al. [55]	South Africa	Cross-sectional study	742	Children orphaned by AIDs-related illnesses or other illnesses. Non-orphaned children	7–11 years	Caregiver	Urban	10	Good
Jogdand et al. [47]	India	Cross-sectional study	600	Children in an urban slum area	6–18 years	Parents and care-giver(s)	Urban slums	7	Fair
Kheokao et al. [54]	Thailand	Cross-sectional study	5184	School students	Grades 4th-12th	Family	Not reported	8	Fair
Kilic and Şener [48]	Turkey	Cohort study	92	Diagnosed with ADHD	6–11 years	Father	Mixed	7	Fair
Krishnakumar et al. [76]	India	Cohort study	29	Children with history of deliberate self-harm who were referred to clinic	6–12 years	Parents	Not reported	7	Fair
Mansharamani et al. [59]	India	Cross-sectional study	100	Outpatients and inpatients at a psychiatric ward of a tertiary facility	4–14	Parents	Mixed	6	Fair
Meyer et al. [49]	Thailand	Cross-sectional study	23	Children/adolescents in refugee camp	9–17 years	Parents /caregiver (s)	Refugee camp	6	Fair
Narang et al. [50]	India	Case–control study	200	Son(s) only	4–12 years	Father	Not reported	6	Fair
Nothling et al. [61]	South Africa	Cohort study	70	Children with HIV	42 months	Mother (biological or as primary caregiver)	Urban	10	Good
Pajarn et al. [62]	Thailand	Case–control study	110	Children attending an outpatient department	3–4 years	Parents	Not reported	7	Fair
Pillay and van der Veen [79]	South Africa	Cohort study	100	Children admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit	4–17 years	Parents	Urban	6	Fair
Rahi et al. [51]	India	Cross-sectional study	620	Children from an urban slum area	4–14 years	Father	Urban slums	7	Fair
Raman et al. [56]	India	Case- control study	32	Children of men with and without alcohol dependence	5–9 years	Father	Not reported	6	Fair
Rochat et al. [60]	South Africa	Cohort study	1536	Children from the Siyakhula cohort	7–11	Mother/caregiver	Rural	10	Good
Ruchkin et al. [57]	Russia	Cross-sectional study	692	Children enrolled in government childcare centres	1.5–3.5 years	Mother	Urban	9	Good
Shenoy et al. [71]	India	Cross-sectional study	129	Children in Bangalore	5–8 years	Father	Urban	7	Fair
Wood et al. [77]	South Africa	Cross-sectional study	20	Children and adolescents convicted of sex offences	7–15 years	Parents/household	Not specified	6	Fair
Xing et al. [73]	China	Cross-sectional study	12,470	High school students	11–19 years	Family	Mixed	8	Fair
Yang and Kramer [53]	Belarus	Cross-sectional study	11,305	Belarusian children participating in a trial regarding breastfeeding intervention (PROBIT)	6.5 years	Father	Mixed	10	Good
Zanoti-Jeronymo et al. [52]	Brazil	Case–control study	40	Children of fathers admitted to psychiatric unit with alcohol abuse	10–12 years	Father	Mixed	7	Fair