Table 4.

Child cognitive delay or disorder

Author	Context of study	Neurodevelopmental/behavioural outcomes	Unadjusted results	Adjusted results	Confounders adjusted?
da Rocha et al. [72]	The study reported MRI results of children whose IQ scored less than 70	IQ < 70 and associated structural brain lesions	Of this sample of children with an IQ < 70, 62% of children in the group with no structural lesions in the brain, and none (0%) of children where some structural lesion was found, had at least one relative with a history of alcoholism	–	No adjustment
Kheokao et al. [54]	The study examined correlations between drinking intention, alcohol use, school, family, media factors	Grade point average (GPA)	There was no significant correlation between family drinking and GPA (p > 0.05)	–	No adjustment
Mansharamani et al. [59]	Assessed psychiatric morbidity in children of alcoholics and compared with children of non-alcoholic parents	Relevant to child cognition: assessed low intelligence with behavioural problems, among other outcomes	There was no difference in ‘low intelligence with behavioural problems’ as per Childhood Psychopathology Measurement Scale: 0.70 for children of alcoholics, 0.82 for children of non-alcoholics, p = 0.66	–	No adjustment
Raman et al. [56]	Examined a wide range of dysfunctions in children of fathers with alcohol dependency	General neurodevelopment Child behaviour checklist (CBCL), IQ scale, Trail making test (TMT), Malin’s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children	In children of alcohol-dependent fathers, mean score was higher in Internalisation problems ( NS), Externalisation problems (p < 0.01), and Neurodevelopment examination (p < 0.001). It was lower in IQ scale verbal (p < 0.001), IQ scale performance (p < 0.01), and full IQ scale (p < 0.05)	–	No adjustment
Rochat et al. [60]	Explored the association between alcohol use, hazardous drinking and child behaviour and cognition	KABC Learning Scale: cognitive scores	Children of hazardous drinking mothers/caregivers were significantly more likely to have lower scores on the KABC Learning Scale: lower cognitive scores for learning (no hazardous drinking mean 14.3, vs hazardous drinking mean 12.8, p = 0.017) and riddles solving (no hazardous drinking mean 4.1, vs hazardous drinking mean 3.6, p = 0.045). However, no significant effect for sequential cognition, planning, or simultaneous	–	No adjustment
Shenoy et al. [71]	Prevalence of scholastic backwardness and psychological disturbance and associated psychosocial aspects in children five to eight years old	Scholastic backwardness reported as by teachers	–	Regular drinking in father was more common amongst scholastically backward children than scholastically superior children (41.94% and 23.88% respectively, p < 0.05)	Matched scholastically backward and superior children on age, gender, and school class level
Yang and Kramer [53]	The authors examined the associations between paternal alcohol consumption and behavioural problems in Belarusian children, effect on family transition and their cognitive ability	Intelligence	–	Paternal weekly moderate and heavy drinking was associated with lower full-scale IQ scores by 1.6 (95% CI -0.9—-2.5) and 2.5 (95% CI -1.6—-3.4) points, respectively, compared with those whose fathers were infrequent or light drinkers	Gestation age at birth, birthweight, sex, maternal and paternal age at the birth of child, maternal alcohol and smoking consumption during antenatal period, breastfeeding, number of older children in the household (proxy for birth order), both parents’ education, occupation, paternal smoking and maternal drinking
Zanoti-Jeronymo et al. [52]	This study measured participants’ behavioural problems, self-concept, cognitive level and academic performance under the environment of an alcoholic father	Self-concept, children’s behaviour (health problems and behaviours), academic performance by psychometric instrument, Evolution and emotional status by human figure drawing test	Overall self-concept score, academic performance and emotional and behavioural aspects better in children of non-alcoholic fathers (p = 0.00003, 0.0011, 0.00016 respectively)	–	No adjustment