Table 2.
Mean scores on maternal depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), measures of developmental (Ages and Stages Questionnaire) and behavioral (Children’s Behavior Questionnaire; Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire) outcomes in children, and Apgar score at 5 min
| Sample completed measures n (%) |
Score total sample Mean (SD)a |
Score vaginal birth Mean (SD)a |
Score CS Mean (SD)a |
Statistical differences between mode of birth groups p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal outcomes | |||||
| Maternal depressive symptoms 4 years postpartum (BDI-II) | 229 (89.5) | 5.6 (5.9) | 5.7 (6.2) | 5.4 (4.6) | 0.73 |
| Child outcomes | |||||
| Apgar score at 5 min | 256 (100.0) | 9.7 (0.5) | 9.6 (0.5) | 9.7 (0.5) | 0.38 |
| Developmental outcomes | |||||
| ASQ Communication | 204 (79.7) | 54.4 (8.5) | 54.1 (9.0) | 55.2 (6.9) | 0.42 |
| ASQ Fine Motor | 208 (81.3) | 48.1 (12.7) | 48.4 (12.8) | 47.1 (12.4) | 0.52 |
| ASQ Gross Motor | 211 (82.4) | 52.7 (9.1) | 53.1 (9.0) | 51.7 (9.5) | 0.34 |
| ASQ Problem Solving | 209 (81.6) | 52.5 (10.1) | 51.6 (11.0) | 55.4 (6.2) | 0.002 |
| ASQ Personal-Social | 205 (80.1) | 53.2 (8.5) | 53.4 (8.8) | 52.4 (7.7) | 0.46 |
| Behavioral outcomes | |||||
| CBQ-VSF Effortful Control | 254 (99.2) | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.5 (0.9) | 0.44 |
| CBQ-VSF Negative Affectivity | 254 (99.2) | 3.9 (0.9) | 3.9 (0.8) | 3.9 (0.9) | 0.66 |
| CBQ-VSF Surgency | 254 (99.2) | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.3 (0.9) | 0.61 |
| SDQ Externalizing Problems | 243 (94.9) | 10.4 (3.1) | 10.5 (2.9) | 10.0 (3.4) | 0.22 |
| SDQ Internalizing Problems | 237 (92.6) | 6.6 (2.3) | 6.6 (2.2) | 6.5 (2.5) | 0.61 |
aStandard deviation