Table 3.

Associations between Cesarean section and developmental outcomes (ASQ subscales) calculated for total sample and stratified by child sex

	ASQ Communication		ASQ Fine Motor		ASQ Gross Motor		ASQ Problem Solving		ASQ Personal-Social
	R2	B (95% CI)a	R2	B (95% CI)	R2	B (95% CI)	R2	B (95% CI)	R2	B (95% CI)
Univariate models
Mode of birth (CS)	≤ 0.01	1.11 (− 1.59 to 3.82)	≤ 0.01	− 1.32(− 5.36 to 2.72)	≤ 0.01	− 1.39 (− 4.23 to 1.45)	0.03	3.84 (0.66 to 7.02)*	≤ 0.01	− 1.02 (− 3.76 to 1.72)
Induction of labor	≤ 0.01	0.41 (− 2.75 to 3.58)	≤ 0.01	− 0.84 (− 5.54 to 3.86)	≤ 0.01	0.09 (− 3.21 to 3.39)	≤ 0.01	0.01 (− 3.74 to 3.77)	≤ 0.01	0.01 (− 3.19 to 3.22)
Parity	0.04	− 3.27 (− 5.59 to − 0.95)*	≤ 0.01	− 1.37 (− 4.85 to 2.11)	≤ 0.01	− 1.53 (− 4.01 to 0.95)	0.02	− 2.61 (− 5.36 to 0.14)	≤ 0.01	0.32 (− 2.04 to 2.68)
Gestational age at birth	≤ 0.01	− 0.73 (− 1.90 to 0.44)	0.02	− 1.87 (− 3.56 to − 0.17)*	≤ 0.01	0.18 (− 1.02 to 1.39)	≤ 0.01	− 0.84 (− 2.18 to 0.51)	≤ 0.01	− 0.20 (− 1.36 to 0.95)
Child sex (boy)	≤ 0.01	− 1.40 (− 3.75 to 0.96)	0.16	− 10.07 (− 13.27 to − 6.88)*	≤ 0.01	0.56 (− 1.92 to 3.04)	0.12	− 6.97 (− 9.57 to − 4.37)*	0.06	− 4.00 (− 6.29 to − 1.71)*
Maternal depressive symptoms (BDI-II)b	≤ 0.01	− 0.16 (− 0.36 to 0.05)	≤ 0.01	− 0.14 (− 0.43 to 0.15)	0.02	− 0.23 (− 0.45 to − 0.02)*	0.02	− 0.23 (− 0.47 to − 0.03)*	0.03	− 0.23 (− 0.43 to − 0.03)*
Multivariate model total sample
Mode of birth (CS)	0.06	1.02 (− 1.72 to 3.77)	0.18	− 0.64 (− 4.41 to 3.12)	0.04	− 1.63 (− 4.65 to 1.39)	0.20	4.26 (1.22 to 7.31)*	0.09	− 0.69 (− 3.49 to 2.11)
Induction of labor		1.38 (− 1.99 to 4.75)		1.51 (− 3.04 to 6.06)		0.39 (− 3.26 to 4.04)		2.59 (− 1.09 to 6.28)		1.77 (− 1.68 to 5.22)
Parity		− 3.29 (− 5.73 to − 0.84)*		− 1.71 (− 5.01 to 1.59)		− 1.41 (− 4.09 to 1.27)		− 2.09 (− 4.76 to 0.58)		0.86 (− 1.59 to 3.32)
Gestational age at birth		− 0.90 (− 2.14 to 0.34)		− 1.64 (− 2.27 to 0.00)*		0.51 (− 0.81 to 1.83)		− 1.02 (− 2.33 to 0.29)		− 0.12 (− 1.33 to 1.09)
Child sex (boy)		− 0.53 (− 2.94 to 1.88)		− 9.50 (− 12.76 to − 6.25)*		0.74 (− 1.90 to 3.38)		− 7.13 (− 9.76 to − 4.51)*		− 3.99 (− 6.39 to − 1.59)*
Maternal depressive symptoms (BDI-II)b		− 0.12 (− 0.32 to 0.08)		− 0.12 (− 0.39 to 0.15)		− 0.24 (− 0.46 to − 0.02)*		− 0.19 (− 0.41 to 0.03)		− 0.25 (− 0.44 to − 0.05)*
Multivariate model girls
Mode of birth (CS)	0.05	− 0.63 (− 4.32 to 3.06)	0.06	0.00 (− 4.48 to 4.48)	≤ 0.01	− 5.26 (− 9.24 to − 1.09)*	0.06	1.86 (− 0.67 to 4.40)	0.07	− 2.14 (− 5.30 to 1.02)
Induction of labor		2.69 (− 1.92 to 7.29)		− 0.04 (− 5.28 to 5.20)		2.61 (− 2.39 to 7.62)		0.50 (− 2.57 to 3.56)		1.60 (− 2.28 to 5.48)
Parity		− 2.05 (− 5.20 to 1.11)		1.17 (− 2.56 to 4.90)		− 2.55 (− 6.11 to 1.01)		− 0.05 (− 2.19 to 2.08)		− 0.83 (− 3.51 to 1.84)
Gestational age at birth		− 0.64 (− 2.33 to 1.05)		− 1.73 (− 3.68 to 0.23)		− 0.04 (− 1.88 to 1.80)		− 0.37 (− 1.49 to 0.76)		− 0.74 (− 2.16 to 0.68)
Maternal depressive symptoms (BDI-II)b		− 0.14 (− 0.40 to 0.11)		− 0.20 (− 0.49 to 0.10)		− 0.23 (− 0.51 to 0.05)		− 0.14 (− 0.31 to 0.03)		− 0.20 (− 0.40 to 0.01)
Multivariate model boys
Mode of birth (CS)	0.11	2.71 (− 1.48 to 6.89)	0.05	− 1.26 (− 7.41 to 4.89)	0.05	1.89 (− 2.51 to 6.29)	0.14	6.64 (1.00 to 12.28)*	0.06	1.03 (− 3.69 to 5.75)
Induction of labor		0.23 (− 4.87 to 5.32)		3.72 (− 4.06 to 11.51)		− 1.70 (− 7.12 to 3.72)		4.59 (− 2.28 to 11.45)		1.81 (− 3.98 to 7.61)
Parity		− 4.74 (− 8.62 to − 0.86)*		− 4.79 (− 10.45 to 0.87)		− 0.20 (− 4.26 to 3.86)		− 4.64 (− 9.79 to 0.51)		2.87 (− 1.42 to 2.51)
Gestational age at birth		− 1.33 (− 3.21 to 0.54)		− 1.56 (− 4.25 to 1.14)		0.95 (− 0.97 to 2.87)		− 1.52 (− 3.89 to 0.85)		0.55 (− 1.42 to 2.51)
Maternal depressive symptoms (BDI-II)b		− 0.12 (− 0.46 to 0.22)		− 0.03 (− 0.51 to 0.46)		− 0.32 (− 0.67 to 0.03)		− 0.28 (− 0.72 to 0.15)		− 0.34 (− 0.70 to 0.02)

*p ≤ 0.05

^aBeta coefficient in the linear regression analyses

^bContinuous score of the Beck Depression Inventory