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. 2021 Oct 20;6:66. doi: 10.1038/s41536-021-00176-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Representative example of averaged spinal cord motor evoked potential (SCMEP) and supralesion evoked polysynaptic response (SEPR) (n = 8 responses) in rats implanted with hydrogel scaffold, and received EES-enabled motor training, collected at 2 and 6 weeks after spinal transection and after re-transection across the scaffold following 6 weeks of recovery. Motor evoked potentials were recorded from hind-limb muscle medial gastrocnemius (MG), while spinal cord was stimulated using epidural electrode placed at T8 segment (above the injury, SEPR) and at S1 segment (below the injury, SCMEP). Examples were collected from representative animal-1 and animal-2. Blue dotted line indicates the moment when EES pulse was applied. Middle and late responses (MR/LR) and SEPR are indicated with gray and blue rectangles. b Peak-to-peak amplitude of MR at week 6 and after re-transection. c Animals with scaffolds and EES (Combined therapy) recovered greater angular displacements of the knee, ankle, and MTP. After re-transection at week 6, improvement in motor function was still greater compared to transected animals without scaffold (EES only). The stance phase is represented by gray rectangle, drag by red, and swing by white. d Comparison of gait parameters, step length and maximum step height. e Angular displacements of hip, knee, ankle, and MTP. f BBB score assessed with EES OFF and ON before and after re-transection (n = 4). The same rats are tracked before and after re-transection using same types of dashed line. (Data are represented as mean +/− standard error. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc analysis using Holm-Sidak method). Error bars: +/− standard error of the mean (SEM).