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. 2021 Oct 20;11:20728. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00056-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Flow diagram for the compartment of model 1. Panels (b–d) show a typical time evolution of model variables. As the epidemic progresses, (b) the number of susceptible individuals decreases. The number of exposed individuals initially increases, reaches a peak and decreases at later stages of the epidemic. (c) The progression of the number of both tested and untested infected individuals also exhibits a peak. The decay of $I_{t}$ and $I_{u}$ after the peak induces a gradual weakening of the chain of transmission that leads to the end of the epidemic. (d) The number of tested and untested individuals that recover from infection or die increase monotonically during the epidemic.