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. 2021 Oct 20;11:20711. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00098-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Assessing receptor mediated cAMP pathway. (A) Overview of the β-adrenergic receptor signaling pathway and agents used to affect cAMP production and breakdown. (B) Donor fluorescence lifetime changes of the Epac-S^H189 sensor (blue line) in a single HeLa cell after stimulation of the β-adrenergic receptor with the agonist isoproterenol (40 nM) and subsequent blocking with the antagonist propranolol (60 nM). Forskolin (FSK) (25 µM) is added for calibration. Also shown is a logistic fit to estimate the cAMP breakdown time (orange).