TABLE 4.
MiRNAs in extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their signaling pathways through which they may be responsible for glioblastoma therapeutic resistance.
| miRNAs | Drug/radiation | Vehicle | Signaling pathways | Regulation | Effect | References |
| miR-151a | TMZ | Exosome | XRCC4 | Up | Development of acquired resistance to TMZ | Zeng et al., 2018a |
| miR-301a | Ionizing radiation | Exosome | Wnt/b-catenin/TCEAL7 | Up | Depresses radiation sensitivity | Yue et al., 2019 |
| miR-221 | TMZ | Exosome | DNM3 | Down | Inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and TMZ resistance | Yang J. K. et al., 2017 |
| miR-34a | TMZ | Exosome | MYCN | Up | Inhibit cell proliferation, migration, invasion and TMZ resistance | Wang B. et al., 2019 |
| miR-124 | TMZ | Exosome | CDK6 | Up | Development of acquired resistance to TMZ and decreases the migration of tumor cells | Sharif et al., 2018 |
| miR-603 | Ionizing radiation | EV | IGF1, IGF1R, and MGMT | Up | Promotes the CSC state and up-regulated DNA repair to promote acquired resistance. Therapeutic platforms hold translational potential in the treatment of wtIDH/umMGMT glioblastoma | Ramakrishnan et al., 2020 |
| miR-93 and miR-193 | TMZ | Exosome | Cyclin D1 | Up | Decreases cell cycling quiescence and contribute to TMZ resistance | Munoz et al., 2019 |
| miR-1238 | TMZ | Exosome | CAV1/EGFR | Down | Inhibit to TMZ resistance | Yin et al., 2019 |
| miR-21-5p | Pacritinib + TMZ | Exosome | STAT3/PDCD4 | Down | Inhibit to drug resistance | Chuang et al., 2019 |
| miR-27a-3p, miR-22-3p and miR-221-3p | Ionizing radiation | EV | CHD7 | Up | Promote PMT in GSCs. Inhibit radioresistance | Zhang Z. et al., 2020 |
XRCC4, X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4; TCEAL7, transcription elongation factor A protein-like 7; DNM3, dynamin 3; CDK6, cyclin-dependent kinase 6; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGF1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; MGMT, O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; CAV1, caveolin 1; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; PDCD4, programmed cell death protein 4; CHD7, chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7; miR, microRNA; TMZ, Temozolomide; PMT, proneural-to-mesenchymal transition; GSCs, glioma stem cells.