Table 3.

MicroRNAs differently expressed in RA and AS patients compared to healthy controls.

miRNA	Disease	Country	Ethnicity	Source	No. of cases/controls	Investigation method	Changes of miR expression	Target gene	References
miR-146a	RA	Egypt	Arab	Whole blood	25/25	qPCR	↑	—	[104]
	RA	Japan	Asian	PBMC	6/5	qPCR∗	↑	—	[62]
	RA	China	Asian	PBMC	69/69	qPCR	↑	—	[105]
	RA	Egypt	Arab	PBMC	52/56	qPCR	↑	—	[55]
	RA	Egypt	Arab	PBMC	70/60	qPCR	↑	—	[106]
	RA	Canada	—	PBMC	11/10	qPCR	↑	—	[107]
	RA	USA	—	PBMC	16/9	qPCR	↑	TRAF6, IRAK1	[26]
	RA	Switzerland	European	Serum	34/16	qPCR	↓	—	[60]
	RA	Poland	European	Serum	13/16	qPCR	↓	—	[29]
	RA	USA	European	Plasma	168/91	qPCR	↑	—	[108]
	RA	China	Asian	Plasma	25/20	qPCR∗	↓	—	[109]
	RA	Japan	Asian	Plasma, synovial fluid	30/30	qPCR	↑	—	[61]
	RA	China	Asian	Synovial tissue	17/3	qPCR∗	↑	—	[102]
	RA	China	Asian	FLS	12/10	qPCR	↓	TLR4	[57]
	RA	Japan	Asian	CD4+ T	33/12	qPCR	↑	FAF1	[54]
	RA	Germany	European	Treg	61/49	qPCR	↓	STAT1	[110]
	AS	China	Asian	Serum	70/68	qPCR†	↑	—	[66]
	AS	Spain	European	Plasma	53/57	qPCR‡	↑	—	[74]
	AS	Switzerland	European	Plasma	24/29	qPCR∗	↓	—	[69]
	AS	China	Asian	Hip capsule	30/30	qPCR	↑	DKK-1	[67]
miR-155	RA	Canada	Native American	Whole blood	18/12	qPCR	↑	—	[111]
	RA	Japan	Asian	PBMC	6/5	qPCR∗	↑	—	[62]
	RA	China	Asian	PBMC	45/25	qPCR	↑	SOCS1, TNFa, IL-1B	[112]
	RA	Canada	—	PBMC	11/10	qPCR	↑	—	[107]
	RA	USA	—	PBMC	16/9	qPCR	↑	—	[26]
	RA	China	Asian	PBMC, FLS	26/23	qPCR∗	↑	IKBKE	[113]
	RA	Egypt	Arab	Serum	100/100	qPCR	↑	—	[114]
	RA	Japan	Asian	Plasma, synovial fluid	30/30	qPCR	↑	—	[61]
	RA	China	Asian	Plasma	25/20	qPCR∗	↓	—	[109]
	RA	USA	European	Plasma	168/91	qPCR	↑	—	[108]
	RA	China	Asian	FLS	89/49	qPCR	↑	FOXO3a	[115]
	RA	UK	European	CD14+ T	9/8	qPCR∗	↑	—	[116]
	RA	Germany	European	Treg	61/49	qPCR	↓	—	[110]
	RA	UK	European	Monocyte	24/22	qPCR	↑	CCR2, CCR7	[117]
	AS	China	Asian	Serum	70/68	qPCR	↑	—	[66]
miR-21	RA	China	Asian	Plasma	25/20	qPCR∗	↑	—	[109]
	RA	Italy	European	Plasma	28/20	qPCR	↓	—	[94]
	RA	China	Asian	CD4+ T, PBMC	25/20	qPCR	↓	STAT3, STAT5	[93]
	AS	China	Asian	Whole blood	122/122	qPCR	↑	PDCD4	[91]
miR-22	RA	China	Asian	RASF	40/40	qPCR	↓	SIRT1	[118]
	RA	UK	European	Serum	12/12	Microarray	↑	—	[119]
	RA	China	Asian	FLS	48/30 (OA)	qPCR	↓	Cyr61	[120]
	AS	Spain	European	Plasma	53/57	qPCR‡	↑	—	[74]
miR-30a	RA	China	Asian	Synovial tissue	7/12 (OA)	qPCR	↓	Beclin-1	[121]
	AS	USA	—	Plasma	15/5	Microarray	↓	—	[98]
miR-125a	RA	China	Asian	Plasma	25/20	qPCR∗	↓	—	[109]
	RA	Japan	Asian	Plasma	102/104	qPCR∗	↑	—	[122]
	RA	USA	European	Plasma	168/91	qPCR	↑	—	[108]
	AS	Spain	European	Plasma	53/57	qPCR‡	↑	—	[74]
miR-221	RA	Egypt	Arab	PBMC	30/20	qPCR	↑	—	[123]
	RA	China	Asian	Serum, FLS	22/18	qPCR	↑	—	[124]
	AS	Switzerland	European	Plasma	24/29	qPCR∗	↓	—	[69]
miR-29a	RA	China	Asian	Serum, synovial tissue, FLS	20/10	qPCR	↓	STAT3	[87]
	AS	Switzerland	European	Plasma	24/29	qPCR∗	↓	—	[69]

↑/↓: up/downregulation; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; AS: ankylosing spondylitis; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; FLS: fibroblast-like synoviocytes; RASF: RA synovial fibroblasts; ^∗microarray screening; ^†sequencing screening; ^‡NanoString screening.