TABLE 1.
Candida auris culture-independent DNA-based identification and confirmation methods.
| Method | Target | C. auris (No. isolates) | Closely-Related Yeasts (No. isolates) | Other Fungi (No. isolates) | Clinical specimen (No.) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | LOD (CFU/reaction) | References |
| PCR | |||||||||
| GPI | 139 | 18 | ND (Not Done) | ND | 98 | 100 | ND | Ruiz-Gaitan et al., 2018 | |
| ITS2 | 20 | 30 | ND | ND | 100 | 100 | ND | Theill et al., 2018 | |
| Multiplex PCR | |||||||||
| 26S | 138 | 34 | 9 | Mouse blood and tissue (21) | 100 | 100 | ND | Arastehfar et al., 2018 | |
| 26S | 3 | 297 | ND | ND | 100 | 100 | ND | Arastehfar et al., 2019a | |
| 26S | 35 | 1149 | 47 | ND | 100 | 100 | ND | Arastehfar et al., 2019c | |
| Real-time PCR | |||||||||
| ITS2 | 44 | 92 | 5 | ND | 100 | 100 | 10 | Kordalewska et al., 2017 | |
| ITS2 | 17 | 40 | 31 | Swab (365) | 89 | 99 | 1 | Leach et al., 2018 | |
| 58 | Sponge (258) | 100 | 89 | 1 | Leach et al., 2018 | ||||
| ITS2 | 47 | Swab (110) | 96 | 92 | 1 | Leach et al., 2019 | |||
| ITS2 | 73 | Swab (247) | 93.6 | 97.2 | 1 | Ahmad et al., 2019 | |||
| ITS1/2 | 10 | 103 | 13 | Simulated sputum, Urine, Wound swabs, and Serum (11) | 100 | 100 | 1 | Lima et al., 2019 | |
| ITS2 | 32 | 18 | 54 | Simulated urine, Blood, and Swab (30) | 93.3–100 | 96 | 4–54 | Walchak et al., 2020 | |
| GPI | 155 | 18 | ND | Simulated serum (1) | 100 | 100 | 5 | Alvarado et al., 2021 | |
| GPI | 8 | 62 | 2,123 | Stool and water samples (2073) | 100 | 100 | 13 | Ibrahim et al., 2021a | |
| ITS | 4 | 113 | 8 | ND | 100 | 100 | 1 | Jafarian et al., 2020 | |
| LAMP | Pyruvate synthase | 20 | 32 | 13 | ND | 100 | 100 | 20 | Yamamoto et al., 2018 |
| Commercial | |||||||||
| Real-time, AurisID | 72 | 40 | ND | Swab (113) | 96.6 | 100 | 1 | Mulet Bayona et al., 2021 | |
| Real-time, AurisID | 29 | 13 | ND | Simulated serum (2) | 100 | 0 | 1 | Sattler et al., 2021 | |
| Real-time, Fungiplex Candida Auris RUO | 29 | 13 | ND | Simulated serum (2) | 100 | 0 | 9 | Sattler et al., 2021 | |
| qPCR, GPSTM MONODOSE dtec | 117 | 25 | ND | ND | 100 | 100 | 5 | Martinez-Murcia et al., 2018 | |
| qPCR, SYBR green | ITS2 | 48 | ND | 55 | ND | 93 | 96 | 4 | Sexton et al., 2018b |
| T2Dx | 50 | 43 | ND | ND | 89 | 98 | 5 | Sexton et al., 2018a | |
| GenMark Dx ePlex | 49 | 700 | 70 | Blood (141) | 100 | 100 | ND | Zhang et al., 2020 | |
| Biosensor | GPI | 31 | 13 | ND | Simulated serum (22) | 85 | 100 | 6 | Pla et al., 2021 |