TABLE 2.
Taxonomic classification of all the polyherbal combinations used in clinical studies against metabolic syndrome.
| S. No | References | Name of the herb | Components | Chinese Name | Common name/source | Scientific name | Family | Specie |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tian-zhan et al. (2019) | Yiqi Huazhuo Gushen herbal formula | Huang qi (Astragalus membranaceus); Huanglian (Coptis chinensis), Shengpuhuang (Pollen typhae), Ze Xie (the rhizome of oriental water plantain), Lu Dou Yi (Mung bean peel), Liu Yue Xue (Serissa serissoides), Zhi-fuzi (Radix Aconiti lateralis praeparata) | Huang Qi | Mongolian milkvetch; root of Astragalus; Radix astragali | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge; Astragalus propinquus Schischkin | Fabaceae | A. membranace |
| Huang Lian | Chinese goldthread or canker root | Coptis chinensis Franch; Coptis deltoidea C.Y. Cheng et Hsiao, and Coptis teeta Wall | Ranunculaceae | C. chinensis; C. deltoidea and C. teeta | ||||
| Sheng Pu Huang | Typha Pollen | Typha angustifolia L | Typhaceae | T. Angustifolia | ||||
| Cattail Pollen | ||||||||
| Bulrush | ||||||||
| Ze Xie | the rhizome of oriental water plantain; Alisma; Asian water-plantain; mad-dog weed | Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep; Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. orientale (Sam.) Sam | Alismataceae | A. orientale | ||||
| Lu Dou Yi ; Hei Dou | Mung bean peel; Soybean meal | Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek; Testa glycinis | Fabaceae | V. radiata, T. glycinis | ||||
| Liu Yue Xue | Chinese Snow of June Herb; | Serissa serissoides (DC.) Druce | Rubiaceae | S. serissoides | ||||
| Zhi-fuzi | Radix Aconiti lateralis Preparata (Prepared Aconite; Prepared Sichuan Aconite Root; monkshood root) | Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux | Ranunculaceae | A. carmichaelii | ||||
| 2 | Wang et al. (2013) | Yiqi Huaju Qingli | Huangqi (Radix | Details similar as previous except slight difference in methods of collection of the extracts | ||||
| Astragali) | ||||||||
| Huanglian (Rhizoma Coptidis) | ||||||||
| Pu huang (Pollen Typhae) | ||||||||
| Ze Xie (Artemisiae Rhizoma Alismatis) | ||||||||
| Lu Dou Yi (Testa Vignae Radiatae), Liu Yue Xue (Serissa Japonica) | ||||||||
| Fuzi (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata) | ||||||||
| 3 | Farajbakhsh et al. (2019) | Sesame oil and vitamin E | Sesame oil | Sesamum indicum L | Pedaliaceae | S. indicum | ||
| Vitamin E | α- tocopherol | |||||||
| 4 | Amin et al. (2015b) | Curcuma longa and Nigella sativa | Curcuma longa and Nigella sativa | Turmeric | Curcuma longa L | Zingiberaceae | C. longa | |
| Kalonji/black seeds | Nigella sativa L | Ranunculaceae | N. sativa | |||||
| 5 | Yadav et al. (2014) | Diabegon | Momordica charantia, Gymnema sylvestre, Trigonella foenumgraecum, Plumbago zeylanica, Eugena jambolana, Aegle marmelos, Terminalia chebula, Terminelia balerica, Emblica officinalis, Curcuma longa, Pterocarpus marsupium, Berberis aristata, Cytrullus culocynthis, Cyperus rotondus, Piper longum, root of Piper longum, Zingiber officinale, and Asphaltum punjabinum | Bittermelon; Balsam Pear | Momordica charantia L | Cucurbitaceae | M. charantia | |
| Chirata; Chiretta | Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex C.B.Clarke | Gentianaceae | S. chirayita | |||||
| Gurmar | Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult | Apocynaceae | G. sylvestre | |||||
| Fenugreek | Trigonella foenum-graecum L | Fabaceae/Leguminosae | T. foenum-graecum | |||||
| Plumbago; Ceylon leadwort, doctorbush or wild leadwort | Plumbago zeylanica L | Plumbaginaceae | P. zeylanica | |||||
| Jamon; Java Plum | Eugenia jambolana Lam; | Myrtaceae | S. cumini | |||||
| Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels | ||||||||
| Bael, Bengal Quince | Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa | Rutaceae | A. marmelos | |||||
| Chebulic myrobalan, haritali; black- or chebulic myrobalan | Terminalia chebula Retz | Combretaceae | T. chebula | |||||
| Belleric; bahera or beleric or bastard myrobalan | Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb | Combretaceae | T. bellirica | |||||
| Emblic myrobalan | Phyllanthus emblica | Phyllanthaceae | P. emblica | |||||
| L.; Emblica officinalis | ||||||||
| Turmeric | Curcuma longa L | Zingiberaceae | C. longa | |||||
| Malabar kino | Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb | Fabaceae | P. marsupium | |||||
| Indian Barberry, Tree Turmeric | Berberis aristate DC. | Berberidaceae | B. aristata | |||||
| Colocynth, Bitter apple, wild gourd | Citrullus colocynthis | Cucurbitaceae | C. colocynthis | |||||
| (L.) Schrad | ||||||||
| Coco-grass, Java grass, nut grass, purple nut sedge | Cyperus rotundus | Cyperaceae | C. rotundus | |||||
| L | ||||||||
| Long pepper; Indian long pepper or pipli | Piper longum | Piperaceae, | P. longum | |||||
| L | ||||||||
| Pippalimula (root of Piper longum) | Piper longum< | Piperaceae, | P. longum | |||||
| L | ||||||||
| Ginger | Zingiber officinale | Zingiberaceae | Z. officinale | |||||
| Asphaltum punjabinum; Shilajatu; Shilajit, Mineral Pitch, Asphlat (Some researchers hypothesize that shilajit is produced by the decomposition or humification of latex and resin-bearing plant material from species such as Euphorbia royleana and Trifolium repens over a period of centuries) | — | blackish-brown powder or an exudate from high mountain rocks | ||||||
| 6 | Yang et al. (2014b) | Modified, Lingguizhugan decoction (MLD)+ weekend fasting | Dangshen (Radix Codonopsis) 20 g, Guizhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi) 12 g, Fuling (Poria) 30 g, Baizhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) 15 g, Gancao (Radix Glycyrrhizae) 6 g; Dahuang (Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei Palmati) 9 g | Dangshen | Radix Codonopsis pilosulae (mixture) | Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf | Campanulaceae | C. pilosula, C. pilosula var. modesta and C. tangshen |
| GuiZhi | Ramulus Cinnamomi (obtained from dried twigs of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) Presl, | Cinnamomum cassia (L.) Presl | Lauraceae | C. cassia | ||||
| Fu Ling | Poria, Hoelen, Indian bread, Poria, Tuckahoe | Wolfiporia cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden & Gilb | Polyporaceae | W. extensa | ||||
| Gan Cao | Liquorice root; Radix Glycyrrhizae | Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Fisch | Fabaceae | G. uralensis | ||||
| Baizhu, Atractylodes | obtained from roots of Atractylodes Macrocephala Koidz | Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz | Asteraceae | |||||
| Dahuang | Radix et Rhizoma Rhei; Chinese rhubarb, Rheum | Rheum palmatum L., Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf., and Rheum officinale Baill | Polygonaceae | R. palmatum, R.tanguticum and R. officinale | ||||
| 7 | Yu et al. (2018) | Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin Decoction (JTTZ) | Aloe vera, Coptis chinensis, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, red yeast rice, Momordica charantia, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Schisandra chinensis, and dried ginger | Luhui | Aloe vera | Aloe vera, (L.) Burm.f | Asphodelaceae | A. vera |
| Huanglian | Chinese goldthread | Coptis chinensis, Franch | Ranunculaceae | C. chinensis | ||||
| Zhi mu | Rhizoma Anemarrhena | Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Bunge | Asparagaceae | A. asphodeloides | ||||
| Hong qu | red yeast rice (purple fermented rice, cultivated with the mold Monascus purpureus) | Monascus purpureus, (Went, 1895) | Monascaceae | M. purpureus | ||||
| Kugua | Bittermelon; Balsam Pear | Momordica charantia L | Cucurbitaceae | M. charantia | ||||
| Danshen | Red sage, Chinese sage | Salvia miltiorrhiza, Bunge | Lamiaceae | S. miltiorrhiza | ||||
| Wuweizi | Magnolia-vine, Chinese magnolia-vine, schisandra | Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill | Schisandraceae | S. chinensis | ||||
| Ganjiang | Dried ginger | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | Z. officinale | ||||
| 8 | Rozza et al. (2009) | Armolipid Prev, Rottapharm, Monza, Italy) + dietary intervention | Combination of Ortosiphon staminensis, with policosanol (dietary supplement), red yeast rice extract, berberine, folic acid and coenzyme Q10 | Misai, kucing and kumis kucing | Orthosiphon stamineus Benth | Lamiaceae | O. stamineus | |
| policosanol (mixture of alcohols isolated from Cuban sugar cane wax | Saccharum officinarum | Poaceae | S. officinarum | |||||
| L | ||||||||
| Red yeast rice extract (purple fermented rice, cultivated with the mold Monascus purpureus) | Monascus purpureus | Monascaceae | M. purpureus | |||||
| (Went, 1895) | ||||||||
| Berberine (chemical in Berberis genus) | chemical | |||||||
| Folic acid (obtained from food source) | chemical | |||||||
| coenzyme Q10 | chemical | coenzyme | ||||||
| 9 | Castellino et al. (2019) | Cynara cardunculus (L.) subsp. scolymus Hayek-based nutraceutical, named Altilix | Cynara cardunculus (L.) subsp. scolymus Hayek; Chlorogenic Acid and Luteolin | Artichoke; cardoon | Cynara cardunculus (L.) | Asteraceae | C. cardunculus (scolymus Hayek) | |
| Chlorogenic Acid (ester of caffeic acid and-quinic acid) | compound: C16H18O9 | dietary polyphenol | ||||||
| Luteolin | Chemical compound: C15H10O6 | flavone, a type of flavonoid, | ||||||
| 10 | Panahi et al. (2015) | curcuminoids (Curcumin C3 Complex®, Sami Labs LTD, Bangalore, India); piperine (Bioperine®; Sami Labs LTD, Bangalore, India) was added to enhance Bioavailability | (95% curcuminoids (70% is curcumin; remaining demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in patented ratio. Curcuminoids obtained from turmeric 5% piperine (obtained from black pepper | Curcuminoids (curcumin; demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) | Curcuma longa L | Zingiberaceae | C. longa | |
| Piperine | Piper nigrum L | Piperaceae | P. nigrum | |||||
| 11 | Panahi et al. (2014) | Curcuminoids (piperine was added to enhance Bioavailability) (95% curcuminoids, of which at least 70% is curcumin) | (95% curcuminoids (70% is curcumin; remaining demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in patented ratio. Curcuminoids obtained from turmeric 5% piperine (obtained from black pepper | curcuminoids (curcumin; demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) | Curcuma longa L | Zingiberaceae | C. longa | |
| Piperine | Piper nigrum L | Piperaceae | P. nigrum | |||||
| 12 | Verhoeven et al. (2015) | Red yeast rice (obtained by culturing the yeast Monascus purpureus on rice) and olive extract | Red yeast rice (obtained by culturing the yeast Monascus purpureus on rice) and olive extract | red yeast rice (Purple fermented rice, cultivated with the mold Monascus purpureus) | Monascus purpureus, (Went, 1895) | Monascaceae | M. purpureus | |
| olive extract | Olea europaea L | Oleaceae | O. europaea | |||||
| 13 | He et al. (2007) | Yiqi Sanju Formula | Details not available as paper is in Chinese | |||||
| 14 | Lee et al. (2012) | Red yeast rice, bitter gourd, chlorella, soy protein, and licorice | Red yeast rice, bitter gourd, chlorella, soy protein, and licorice | Red yeast rice | Monascus purpureus, (Went, 1895) | Monascaceae | M. purpureus | |
| Bitter gourd | Momordica charantia L | Cucurbitaceae | M. charantia | |||||
| Green algae | Chlorella | Chlorellaceae | ||||||
| Soy protein (isolated from soybean) | Glycine max (L.) Merr | Fabaceae | G. max | |||||
| Licorice | Glycyrrhiza glabra L | Fabaceae/Leguminosae | G. glabra | |||||
| 15 | Nagata et al. (2012) | Keishibukuryogan (Guizhi-Fuling-Wan) | Cinnamomi Cortex, Paeoniae Radix, Moutan Cortex, Persicae Semen, and Hoelen | Guizhi | Cinnamomi cortex (dried bark of Cinnamomum verum); Chinese cinnamon | Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | Lauraceae | C. veruum |
| Shaoyao | Paeoniae Radix; Peony root; Chinese peony | Paeonia lactiflora Pall | Paeoniaceae | P. lactiflora | ||||
| Mudanpi | Moutan Cortex | Paeonia x suffruticosa Andrews | Paeoniaceae | P. × suffruticosa | ||||
| Taoren | Persicae Semen; fruit kernel of Peach | Prunus persica (L) Batsch | Rosaceae | P. persica | ||||
| Fuling | Hoelen (dried sclerotia of Wolfiporia cocos; | Wolfiporia cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden & Gilb | Polyporaceae | W. extensa | ||||