Table 2.
Logistic Regression of Associations Between Race/Ethnicity and Veterans Health Administration COVID-19 Vaccination
| Variables | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 0.66 (0.58, 0.76) | <0.01 | 0.86 (0.80, 0.92) | <0.01 |
| Asian | 1.21 (1.02, 1.43) | 0.03 | 1.22 (0.99, 1.50) | 0.06 |
| Black | 1.28 (1.17, 1.40) | <0.01 | 1.28 (1.16, 1.42) | <0.01 |
| Hispanic | 1.14 (1.05, 1.25) | <0.01 | 1.12 (1.01, 1.24) | 0.03 |
| NHOPI | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.38 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.29 |
| Multi-race | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.69 | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | 0.85 |
| Unknown | 0.81 (0.76, 0.87) | <0.01 | 0.82 (0.76, 0.90) | <0.01 |
| Age group, years (ref: 65‒74) | ||||
| ≥75 | 1.23 (1.14, 1.33) | <0.01 | 1.23 (1.14, 1.33) | <0.01 |
| Sex (ref: male) | ||||
| Female | 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) | <0.01 | 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) | <0.01 |
| Care assessment needs score | 1.01 (1.01, 1.01) | <0.01 | 1.01 (1.01, 1.01) | <0.01 |
| Asthma | 1.28 (1.25, 1.32) | <0.01 | 1.28 (1.25, 1.32) | <0.01 |
| End-stage renal disease | 0.84 (0.80, 0.88) | <0.01 | 0.84 (0.80, 0.88) | <0.01 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0.89 (0.88, 0.91) | <0.01 | 0.89 (0.88, 0.91) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.44 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.42 |
| Heart disease | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | <0.01 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | <0.01 |
| Immunocompromised | 1.12 (1.10, 1.15) | <0.01 | 1.12 (1.10, 1.15) | <0.01 |
| Liver disease | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) | <0.01 | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) | <0.01 |
| Severe obesity (ref: no obesity) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.98) | <0.01 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.98) | <0.01 |
| Obesity assessment missing | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) | 0.01 | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) | 0.01 |
| Influenza vaccination | 2.28 (2.22, 2.34) | <0.01 | 2.28 (2.22, 2.34) | <0.01 |
| CHSDA | 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) | 0.80 | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 0.82 |
| Race/ethnicity X CHSDA | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native X CHSDA | — | — | 0.58 (0.47, 0.72) | <0.01 |
| Asian X CHSDA | — | — | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) | 0.82 |
| Black X CHSDA | — | — | 1.00 (0.79, 1.27) | 1.00 |
| Hispanic X CHSDA | — | — | 1.10 (0.91, 1.33) | 0.35 |
| NHOPI X CHSDA | — | — | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.51 |
| Multi-race X CHSDA | — | — | 0.89 (0.74, 1.07) | 0.22 |
| Unknown X CHSDA | — | — | 0.95 (0.85, 1.07) | 0.42 |
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
Model 1: adjusted for age, gender medical morbidities, CHSDA, and influenza vaccination. Model 2: Model 1 covariates and Race X Time interaction.
CHSDA, Indian Health Service Contract Health Service Delivery Area; NHOPI, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander.