Table 2. Demographic and clinical characteristics in GDM cases and controls ($\overline{x}\hspace{0.17em}\pm \hspace{0.17em}s$).

Variables	Cases (n= 573)	Controls (n=740)	t	P-values
Age (years)	31.48 ± 4.74	28.91 ± 4.18	10.25	<0.001
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	23.14 ± 3.63	21.66 ± 3.06	7.83	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	111.52 ± 10.60	109.28 ± 9.48	3.98	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	71.42 ± 7.88	69.96 ± 6.73	4.37	<0.001
OGTT 0 min glucose (mmol/l)	5.23 ± 1.32	4.41 ± 0.36	14.36	<0.001
OGTT 60 min glucose (mmol/l)	9.76 ± 2.23	7.00 ± 1.43	25.80	<0.001
OGTT 120 min glucose (mmol/l)	8.31 ± 2.15	6.10 ± 1.10	22.39	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.44 ± 0.68	4.93 ± 0.70	13.17	<0.001
Triglyceride (mmol/l)	2.67 ± 1.20	2.37 ± 1.03	4.90	<0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	5.37 ± 1.16	5.24 ± 1.07	2.18	0.029
HDL-c (mmol/l)	1.61 ± 0.37	1.66 ± 0.41	2.09	0.036
LDL-c (mmol/l)	3.49 ± 1.03	3.35 ± 1.04	2.29	0.022

Abbreviations: HDL-c, high -ensity lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.