Table 3.

Clinical outcomes of septic patients according to plasma TMAO concentration

	Low TMAO (< 0.4 μmol/L) N = 32	Median TMAO (0.4–2.5 μmol/L) N = 32	High TMAO (≥ 2.5 μmol/L) N = 31	p value
Primary outcomes
In-hospital, all-cause death	25 (78.1)	20 (62.5)	15 (48.4)	0.050
Cardiovascular death*	0 (0)	1 (3.1)	5 (16.1)	0.021
Non-cardiovascular death†	25 (78.1)	19 (59.4)	10 (32.3)	0.001
Secondary outcomes
Acute kidney injury (AKI)	9 (28.1)	13 (40.6)	18 (58.1)	0.054
AKI required dialysis	3 (9.4)	7 (21.9)	9 (29.0)	0.142
Weaning success	5 (15.6)	9 (28.1)	14 (45.2)	0.036
Length of ventilator usage, days	21.5 (12.3–33.0)	15.5 (8.3–28.3)	12.0 (6.0–23.0)	0.039
Length of ICU stay, days	13.0 (8.3–20.0)	10.5 (6.3–19.5)	10.0 (7.0–16.0)	0.332
Length of hospitalization, days	21.5 (13.0–34.8)	23.5 (10.5–50.0)	26.0 (19.0–37.0)	0.906

TMAO trimethylamine-N-oxide; ICU intensive care unit

*Patients died of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, heart failure, stroke, or CV procedures

^†Patients died of other causes, primarily sepsis and terminal cancer