Table 4.
Factors associated with non-cardiovascular death among septic patients in univariate and multivariate analyses
| Univariate | Multivariate* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude HR (95% CI) | p | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p | |
| Plasma TMAO | ||||
| High (≥ 2.5 μmol/L) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Median (0.4–2.5 μmol/L) | 1.80 (0.83–3.91) | 0.137 | ||
| Low (< 0.4 μmol/L) | 2.51 (1.21–5.24) | 0.014 | ||
| Age | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.753 | ||
| Male gender | 1.61 (0.90–2.88) | 0.112 | ||
| Smoker | 1.11 (0.57–2.16) | 0.765 | ||
| APACHE II scores | 1.11 (1.05–1.16) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (1.04–1.18) | 0.001 |
| SOFA scores | 1.22 (1.12–1.32) | < 0.001 | 1.18 (1.06–1.31) | 0.002 |
| Mean arterial pressure | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.374 | ||
| Septic shock | 1.74 (0.99–3.06) | 0.053 | ||
| Respiratory tract infection | 0.50 (0.26–0.94) | 0.031 | 0.31 (0.16–0.62) | 0.001 |
| Urinary tract infection | 0.50 (0.12–2.05) | 0.333 | ||
| Intra-abdominal infection | 1.59 (0.83–3.04) | 0.164 | ||
| Bloodstream infection | 0.91 (0.53–1.57) | 0.731 | ||
| Antibiotic pre-treatment, numbers | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 0.271 | ||
| Antibiotic pre-treatment, days | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.342 | ||
| Hypertension | 0.67 (0.38–1.20) | 0.180 | ||
| Diabetic mellitus | 1.06 (0.56–1.98) | 0.868 | ||
| Heart failure | 0.69 (0.21–2.22) | 0.532 | ||
| COPD | 1.19 (0.43–3.32) | 0.738 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 1.23 (0.38–3.95) | 0.731 | ||
| Prior CAD | 1.00 (0.36–2.80) | 0.998 | ||
| Prior stroke or PAD | 0.33 (0.08–1.38) | 0.129 | ||
| Malignancy | 1.82 (1.04–3.20) | 0.037 | 2.08 (1.14–3.79) | 0.018 |
| Autoimmune disease | 0.39 (0.12–1.25) | 0.114 | ||
| White blood cells (K) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.743 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 0.667 | ||
| eGFR at ICU admission | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.457 | ||
| Total bilirubin | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | 0.014 | ||
| Glucose | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.945 | ||
| Lactate | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.003 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.002 |
| C-reactive protein | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.231 | ||
| Enteral intake of calories | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.064 | ||
| Enteral intake of protein | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.087 | ||
| Total calories (% of target) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.088 | ||
| Total protein (% of target) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.099 | ||
| Body mass index | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.359 | ||
| Albumin | 0.78 (0.47–1.31) | 0.354 | ||
| Prealbumin | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.002 | ||
| Nutrition risk index | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.156 | ||
| NRS 2002 scores | 1.26 (0.99–1.60) | 0.057 | 1.43 (1.10–1.86) | 0.008 |
HR hazard ratio; CI confidence interval; TMAO trimethylamine-N-oxide; Ref reference; APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CAD coronary artery disease; PAD peripheral arterial disease; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; NRS-2002 Nutritional Risk Screening 2002
*Adjusted for variables with p < 0.1 in the univariate analysis