Immunologically active TLSs are present in a fraction of KPC PDAC, similar to human PDAC, and are infrequent in orthotopic model. (A) Colocalization of T cells (CD3+), B cells (B220+), and FDCs (CD21+) in dense, compact lymphoid aggregates in KPC tumors defining murine TLSs. (B) Smaller and less defined conglomerates of T (CD3+) and B (B220+) cells in orthotopic model of PDAC on consecutive sections resembling TLSs when weak presence of FDCs (CD21+), named lymphoid aggregates, can be detected. (C) TLS frequency in KPC and orthotopic murine models of PDAC. (D) Density of TLSs in KPC and orthotopic murine models of PDAC. (E) Plot showing the significant correlation of CD20+ B cell density with TLS density in KPC murine model of PDAC. The dotted line represents the cutoff of minimal B cell density needed to induce lymphoneogenesis. Spearman r = 0.95, P = .0015. (F) Representative immunofluorescence images of sparse T cells (CD3+, green) and no B cells (B220+, red) and FDCs, with DAPI (blue) as a nuclear stain. (G) Representative immunofluorescence images in sequential sections of clustered T (CD3+, green) and B (B220+, red or green) cells without compartmentalization and without FDCs (CD21+, red) network. Each data point represents a mouse and lines represent median and interquartile range. Empty circles represent TLS+ murine tumors, bold circles represent TLS– murine tumors. (C) Chi-square test, (D) Mann-Whitney U test. ∗P < .05. Scale bar: 50 μm.