Table 3.
Participant characteristics (n=72).
| Variables | Values | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 44 (11) | ||
| Gender, n (%) | |||
|
|
Male | 44 (61) | |
|
|
Female | 28 (39) | |
| Born in Australia, n (%) | 59 (81)a | ||
| Aboriginal, Torres Strait, or both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent, n (%) | 4 (6) | ||
| Primary source of incomeb, n (%) | |||
|
|
Employment (full-time, part-time, or self-employed) | 35 (48) | |
|
|
Temporary benefit (eg, unemployment) | 10 (13) | |
|
|
Pension (eg, aged and disability) | 13 (18) | |
|
|
Other (eg, retirement fund, savings, and investment) | 7 (9) | |
|
|
No income or dependent on others | 5 (6) | |
| Highest completed level of education or training, n (%) | |||
|
|
High school or less | 19 (26) | |
|
|
Certificate, diploma, or trade | 26 (36) | |
|
|
Bachelor’s degree | 16 (22) | |
|
|
Postgraduate degree | 11 (15) | |
| Usual accommodationb, n (%) | |||
|
|
Own home | 33 (45) | |
|
|
Rented home (public or private) | 33 (45) | |
|
|
Other (eg, friends, family, and rehab) | 4 (5) | |
| Marital statusa, n (%) | |||
|
|
Single or unmarried | 27 (38) | |
|
|
Married or defacto | 28 (39) | |
|
|
Separated | 7 (9) | |
|
|
Divorced | 8 (11) | |
|
|
Widow or widower | 1 (1) | |
| Ever received treatment for a mental health problem | 54 (75) | ||
| Self-reported diagnosis received, n (%) | |||
|
|
Depression | 9 (12) | |
|
|
Anxiety | 8 (11) | |
|
|
Depression and anxiety | 22 (30) | |
|
|
Other (eg, posttraumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and schizophrenia) | 15 (20) | |
| Addictive behavior causing the greatest concern, n (%) | |||
|
|
Alcohol | 49 (68) | |
|
|
Amphetamines | 7 (9) | |
|
|
Cannabis | 6 (8) | |
|
|
Another drug (eg, cocaine, ecstasy, γ hydroxybutyrate, benzodiazepines) | 5 (6) | |
|
|
Another behavior (eg, gambling and food) | 5 (6) | |
| Injecting drug use, n (%) | |||
|
|
Within the last 3 months | 3 (4) | |
|
|
More than three but less than 12 months ago | 3 (4) | |
|
|
12 months ago or more | 10 (13) | |
|
|
Never injected | 54 (75) | |
| Arrested in the last 3 months?b, n (%) | 8 (11) | ||
| Overdose (any drug) in the last 3 monthsb, n (%) | 1 (1) | ||
| Service use (preceding 3 months), n (%) | |||
|
|
Detoxification or withdrawal management | 11 (15) | |
|
|
Residential rehabilitation | 4 (5) | |
|
|
Alcohol or other clinic | 13 (18) | |
|
|
Psychiatrist | 13 (18) | |
|
|
General practitioner | 47 (65) | |
|
|
Psychologist | 30 (41) | |
|
|
Other allied health care provider (nurse, social worker, or counsellor) | 17 (23) | |
|
|
SMART Recovery | 69 (95)c | |
|
|
12-step | 13 (18) | |
| Source of referral to SMART Recovery, n (%) | |||
|
|
Self | 23 (31) | |
|
|
Alcohol and/ or other clinic treatment service | 17 (23) | |
|
|
Mental health care service | 13 (18) | |
|
|
Legally recommended or mandated | 9 (12) | |
|
|
Family member or friend | 4 (5) | |
|
|
Other health care provider or service | 6 (8) | |
aMissing data for 1 participant.
bMissing data for 2 participants.
cThree new SMART Recovery participants reported that their first meeting (scheduled for the week before baseline assessment) had been canceled. These participants were due to participate in their first group the week of the baseline assessment.