Table 3.
Average PFAS serum levels across studies.
| Citation | Population Subgroup | PFOS (ng/mL) | PFOA (ng/mL) | PFNA (ng/mL) | PFDA (ng/mL) | PFUA (ng/mL) | PFBS (ng/mL) | PFDoA (ng/mL) | PFHxS (ng/mL) | SumPFAS (ng/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immune Outcome: Allergies | ||||||||||
| Averina et al. (2019), The Tromso study Fit Futures, | Girls (n = 335) Mean (IQR) |
5.8 (2.7) sum 3.1 (1.6) lin |
2.1 (1.2) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.82 (0.56) sum 0.62 (0.48) lin |
10.7 (4.9) |
| Boys (n = 320) Mean (IQR) |
6.8 (3.0) sum 3.5 (1.7) lin |
1.9 (0.7) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.94 (0.61) sum 0.76 (0.51) lin |
11.2 (4.9) | |
|
Ait Bamai et al., 2020, Hokkaido cohort, Maternal serum at 28 and 32 weeks gestation, Japan 2003–2012 Age 0–7 years |
(N = 2,206) Median |
5.12 | 1.94 | 1.14 | 0.51 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
Chen et al. (2018), Birth cohort, cord blood, Shanghai 2012–2015 Age 6, 12, and 24 months |
All (N = 687) Mean ± SD |
2.93 ±3.11 |
7.73 ±3.98 |
0.70 ±0.29 |
0.45 ±0.42 |
0.46 ±0.34 |
0.05 ±0.03 |
0.10 ±0.07 |
0.18 ±0.08 |
N/A |
| w/o AD (n = 514) Descriptive statistics not stated |
2.46 (1.80–3.17) | 6.76 (4.84–9.29) | 0.64 (0.49–0.81) | 0.36 (0.23–0.52) | 0.40 (0.29–0.52) | 0.05 (0.04–0.06) | 0.09 (0.07–0.13) | 0.16 (0.13–0.20) | N/A | |
| w/AD (n = 173) Descriptive statistics not stated |
2.54 (1.83–3.37) | 7.17 (5.22–10.19) | 0.66 (0.54–0.86) | 0.39 (0.26–0.58) | 0.41 (0.30–0.57) | 0.05 (0.04–0.06) | 0.09 (0.07–0.12) | 0.16 (0.14–0.21) | N/A | |
|
Wen et al. (2019), Cord blood, Taiwan 2001–2005 Age 5 years |
All (N = 863) Mean ± SD |
4.27 ±5.58 |
1.22 ±1.38 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
Goudarzi et al. (2016), Maternal samples, 28–32 weeks gestation, Hokkaido, Japan 2003–2013 Age 4 years |
All (N = 1,558) Mean |
5.46 | 2.71 | 1.40 | 0.58 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.32 | N/A |
|
Okada et al. (2012), Prospective cohort, cord blood after second trimester, Sapporo, Japan 2002–2005 Age 18 months |
All (N = 343) Mean |
5.60 | 1.40 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
Wen et al. (2019), Birth cohort, cord blood, Taipei, Taiwan, 2001–2005 Age 6 months–2 years |
All (N = 839) Mean (SD) |
4.24 (5.54) | 1.19 (1.18) | 3.27 (7.01) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 25.21 (11.55) | N/A |
| w/AD (n = 45) Arithmetic mean ± SE |
4.71 ±0.48 |
1.60 ±0.18 |
3.07 ±0.96 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.27 ±0.05 |
26.99 ±1.72 |
N/A | |
| w/o AD (n = 794) Arithmetic mean ± SE |
3.99 ±0.12 |
1.17 ±0.04 |
3.14 ±0.23 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.35 ±0.01 |
25.11 ±0.41 |
N/A | |
|
Wang et al. (2011), Birth cohort, cord blood, Taiwan 2004 Age 2 years |
All (N = 244) Median (Range) |
5.5 (0.11–48.36) | 1.71 (0.75–17.40) | 2.3 (0.38–63.87) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.035 (0.035–0.420) | N/A |
|
Ashley-Martin et al. (2015), Maternal Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals Study (MIREC), cord blood, Canada 2008–2011 Age N/A |
IL-33/TSLP (pg/mL) Z ≥ 80%; <80% (n = 1,242) Geometric mean (SD) |
4.7 (1.9); 4.5 (1.8) |
1.7 (1.9); 1.7 (1.8) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.0 (2.2); 1.0 (2.3) |
N/A |
| IgE (ku/L) ≥0.5 ku/L; <0.5 (n = 1,242) Geometric mean (SD) |
4.6 ± 1.9; 4.6 ± 1.8 |
1.7 ± 1.9; 1.6 ± 1.8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.0 ± 2.4; 1.0 ± 2.3 |
N/A | |
|
Okada et al. (2014), Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health, maternal serum at 28–32 weeks gestation, Hokkaido 2003–2009 Age 12–24 months |
All (N = 2,062) Geometric mean |
5.01 | 2.08 | 1.19 | 0.501 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.275 | N/A |
|
Oulhote et al. (2017), Faroe Island Cohort, cord blood and maternal serum 2 weeks after parturition, child serum at 18 months and 5 years, Faroe Islands, 2007–2009 Age 18 months and 5 years |
Maternal (n = 55) Geometric mean ± GSE |
9.075 ±0.495 |
1.47 ±0.100 |
0.789 ±0.056 |
0.298 ±0.020 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.24 ±0.022 |
N/A |
| 18 months old (n = 41) Geometric mean ± GSE |
8.25 ±0.761 |
3.58 ±0.391 |
1.244 ±0.135 |
0.347 ±0.033 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.247 ±0.045 |
N/A | |
| 5 years old (n = 53) Geometric mean ± GSE |
5.058 ±0.261 |
2.596 ±0.128 |
1.358 ±0.095 |
0.357 ±0.024 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.372 ±0.032 |
N/A | |
|
Knudsen et al., 2018, Greenlandic Birth cohort, maternal serum, Greenland 2010–2011 Age N/A |
All (N = 189) Median (Range) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 18.5 (6.14–96.43) |
| Immune Outcome: Asthma | ||||||||||
|
Agier et al. (2019), European Human Early-Life Exposome (HELIX), maternal and child serum, Europe 2003–2009 Age 6–12 years |
Prenatal (N = 1,033 child-mother pairs) Mean (SD) |
8.2 (6.1) | 2.6 (1.8) | 0.8 (0.6) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.8 (1) | N/A |
| Postnatal (N = 1,033 child-mother pairs) Mean (SD) |
2.6 (2.6) | 1.7 (0.7) | 0.7 (0.7) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.5 (1) | N/A | |
|
Beck et al. (2019), Odense Child Cohort, maternal serum, Denmark 2010–2012 Age 5 years |
(N = 981) child-mother pairs Median (25th–75th percentile) |
7.73 (5.68–10.44) | 1.68 (1.13–2.35) | 0.65 (0.49–0.86) | 0.29 (0.22–0.40) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.36 (0.24–0.50) | N/A |
|
Dong et al. (2013), Genetic and Biomarkers study for Childhood Asthma, child serum, Taiwan 2009–2010 Age 10–15 years |
w/o asthma (n = 225) Mean (SD) |
33.4 ±26.4 |
1.0 ±1.1 |
0.9 ±0.3 |
1.0 ±0.5 |
N/A | 0.5 ±0.2 |
4.5 ±6.0 |
2.1 ±2.2 |
N/A |
| w/asthma (n = 231) Mean (SD) |
45.5 ±37.3 |
1.5 ±1.3 |
1.1 ±0.5 |
1.2 ± 0.5 | N/A | 0.5 ±0.2 |
5.8 ±6.0 |
3.9 ±9.0 |
N/A | |
|
Gaylord et al. (2019), World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR) and comparison group, child serum, United States 2014–2016 Age 13–22 years |
Comparison group (n = 165) Mean (SD) |
3.45 (3.30) | 1.53 (0.65) | 0.56 (0.30) | 0.13 (0.13) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.73 (0.75) | 6.5 (4.0) |
| WTCHR (n = 118) Mean (SD) |
4.26 (2.51) | 1.91 (0.80) | 0.67 (0.30) | 0.17 (0.12) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.28 (2.0) | 8.44 (4.39) | |
|
Jackson-Browne et al. (2020), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), child serum, United States 2013–2014 Age 3–11 years |
All (N = 607) Geometric mean (IQR) |
3.7 (2.6–5.5) | 1.9 (1.4–2.7) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | N/A |
| w/o asthma (n = 504) Geometric mean (IQR) | 3.7 (2.5–5.4) |
1.9 (1.4–2.7) |
0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | N/A | |
| w/asthma (n = 93) Geometric mean (IQR) | 4.0 (2.9–5.6) | 2.0 (1.4–2.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | N/A | |
|
Kvalem et al. (2020), Environment and Child Asthma (ECA) Study, Norway 1992–1993 Age 2, 10, and 16 years |
All (N = 378) Mean (SD) |
20.9 ±8.75 |
4.62 ±1.86 |
0.63 ±0.30 |
0.19 ±0.11 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | 3.33 ±9.62 |
N/A |
|
Manzano-Salgado et al. (2019), Spanish INMA birth cohort study, maternal plasma, Spain 2003–2008 Age 0–7 years |
All (N = 1,243) Mean (SD) |
6.41 ±2.95 |
2.67 ±1.68 |
0.74 ±0.41 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.67 ±0.49 |
N/A |
|
Smit et al. (2015), INUENDO birth cohort, maternal serum, Greenland and Ukraine 2002–2004 Age 5–9 years |
Ukraine (n = 492) Mean |
4.88 (2.34–9.94) | 0.97 (0.45–2.34) | 0.62 (0.30–1.38) | 0.16 (0.07–0.35) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.53 (0.47–4.12) | N/A |
| Greenland (n = 532) Mean |
20.6 (10.2–49.6) | 1.79 (0.80–3.66) | 0.73 (0.33–2.01) | 0.42 (0.16–1.16) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.14 (0.97–5.10) | N/A | |
|
Timmermann et al. (2017), Children's Health and Environment in the Faroe Islands (CHEF) study, maternal serum, cord blood, and child serum, Faroe Islands 1997–2000 Age 5, 7 and 13 |
Prenatal (N = 559) Median (IQR) |
27.4 (23.3–33.3) | 3.3 (2.5–4.0) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 4.5 (2.2–8.3) | N/A |
| Age 5/7 (N = 559) Median (IQR) |
16.8 (13.5–21.1) | 4.0 (3.3–5.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | N/A | |
| Age 13 (N = 559) Median (IQR) |
6.7 (5.2–8.5) | 2.0 (1.6–2.5) | 0.7 (0.6; 0.9) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | N/A | |
|
Qin et al. (2017), Genetic biomarkers study for Childhood Asthma (GBCA), child serum, Taiwan 2009–2010 Age 10–15 years |
w/o asthma Comparison group (n = 168) Median (IQR) |
28.83 (12.39–42.02) |
0.50 (0.43–0.69) |
0.80 (0.62–1.03) |
0.93 (0.76–0.93) |
N/A | 0.48 (0.43–0.52) |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| w/asthma GBCA (n = 132) Median (IQR) |
31.51 (19.60–91.69) | 1.02 (0.48–2.13) | 1.00 (0.70–1.25) | 1.13 (0.85–1.47) | N/A | 0.48 (0.45–0.54) | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
|
Zhu et al. (2016), GBCA, child serum, Taiwan 2009–2010 Age 10–15 years |
w/o asthma Comparison group (n = 225) Mean ± SD |
33.39 ±26.37 |
1.00 ±1.11 |
0.87 ±0.34 |
1.02 ±0.52 |
N/A | 0.48 ±0.20 |
N/A | 2.10 ±2.17 |
N/A |
| w/asthma GBCA (n = 231) Mean ± SD |
45.86 ±37.28 |
1.51 ±1.34 |
1.07 ±0.47 |
1.24 ±0.54 |
N/A | 0.53 ±0.20 |
N/A | 3.86 ±8.96 |
N/A | |
|
Zhou et al., 2017a, Zhou et al., 2017b, GBCA, child serum, Taiwan 2009–2010 Age 10–15 years |
Girls w/o asthma (n = 123) Median (IQR) |
28.8 (14.8–42.6) | 0.5 (0.4–1.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | N/A | 0.5 (0.4–0.5) | 3.1 (0.9–6.2) | 1.2 (0.5–3.0) | N/A |
| Girls w/asthma (n = 73) Median (IQR) | 28.2 (13.9–46.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.8) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | N/A | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 2.9 (0.9–7.7) | 2.5 (1.3–4.6) | N/A | |
| Boys w/o asthma (n = 102) Median (IQR) |
29.9 (13.0–43.8) |
0.5 (0.4–1.4) |
0.8 (0.6–1.0) |
0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
N/A | 0.5 (0.4–0.5) |
2.4 (0.7–5.9) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | N/A | |
| Boys w/asthma (n = 158) Median (IQR) | 36.9 (22.6–67.8) | 1.3 (0.5–2.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | N/A | 0.5 (0.5–0.5) |
4.3 (1.2–8.5) |
2.6 (1.2–4.1) |
N/A | |
|
Zhou et al., 2017a, Zhou et al., 2017b, GBCA, child serum, Taiwan 2009–2010 Age 10–15 years |
w/o asthma (n = 225) Median (IQR) |
28.91 (14.06–42.02) | 0.52 (0.44–1.27) | 0.83 (0.64–1.05) | 0.95 (0.76–1.15) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.32 (0.59–2.79) | N/A |
| w/asthma (n = 231) Median (IQR) |
33.94 (19.59–61.10) | 1.16 (0.48–2.16) | 1.00 (0.73–1.28) | 1.14 (0.89–1.48) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.47 (1.25–4.26) | N/A | |
|
Humblet et al. (2014), NHANES, child serum, United States 1999–2000 and 2003–2008 Age 12–19 years |
Never asthma (n = 1,559) Median (IQR) |
16.8 (10.8–26.2) | 4.0 (2.8–5.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.0 (1.0–4.1) | N/A |
|
Ever asthma (n = 318) Median (IQR) |
17.0 (10.8–25.8) | 4.3 (3.1–5.7) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.2 (1.1–3.9) | N/A | |
|
No current asthma (n = 1,559) Median (IQR) |
16.8 (10.8–26.2) | 4.0 (2.8–5.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.0 (1.0–4.1) | N/A | |
| Current asthma (n = 191) Median (IQR) |
16.7 (10.3–25.3) | 4.2 (2.9–5.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.3) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.1 (1.0–3.9) | N/A | |
| Immune Outcome: Infectious Diseases and Symptoms of Infection | ||||||||||
|
Dalsager et al., 2016, Odense Child Cohort, maternal serum before 16 weeks gestation, Denmark 2010–2012 Age 3 months, 18 months, and 3 years |
All (N = 359) Median (Range) |
8.07 (2.36–25.10) | 1.68 (0.32–10.12) | 0.7 (0.21–3.64) | 0.27 (0.10–1.67) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.32 (0.02–1.03) | N/A |
|
Dalsager et al. (2021), Odense Child Cohort, maternal serum, Denmark 2010–2012 Birth through 4 years |
All (N = 1,503) Median (95th percentile) |
7.52 (15.08) | 1.68 (4.01) | 0.64 (1.43) | 0.29 (0.79) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.36 (0.81) | N/A |
|
Goudarzi et al. (2017), Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health, maternal serum at 28–32 weeks gestation, Hokkaido 2003–2008 and 2009 Age 4, 12, and 24 months and 4 years |
All (N = 1,558) Mean |
5.456 | 2.713 | 1.402 | 0.575 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.322 | N/A |
|
Impinen at el., 2018, Environment and Childhood Asthma Cohort, cord blood, Oslo, Norway 1992–1993 Age 0–2 and 10 years |
All (N = 641) Mean ± SD |
5.6 ±2.3 |
1.8 ±0.9 |
0.2 ±0.3 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.3 ±0.3 |
N/A |
|
Impinen et el., 2019, Norwegian Mother and Child (MoBa) cohort, maternal plasma, Norway 2003–2004 Age 0–7 years |
All (N = 1,943) Mean (IQR) |
12.87 (9.92–16.6) | 2.54 (1.86–3.30) | 0.45 (0.33–0.63) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.65 (0.47–0.91) | N/A |
|
Fei et al. (2010), Danish National Birth Cohort, maternal serum at 4–14 weeks gestation, Denmark 1996–2002 Age 0–10.7 years |
All (N = 1,400) Mean (Range) |
35.3 (6.4–106.7) | 5.6 (<LLOQ- 41.5) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Immune Outcome: Vaccines and Antibodies | ||||||||||
| Timmermann et al. (2020). children from Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, Maternal blood sample at inclusion and 9 months and child blood sample at 9 months and 2 years. | 135 from the intervention group and 102 from the control group | 0.77 (0.53, 1.02) | 0.68 (0.53, 0.92) | 0.21 (0.13, 0.31) | 0.19 (0.15, 0.25) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.10 (0.09, 0.14) | N/A |
|
Grandjean et al., 2017a, Grandjean et al., 2017b, Faroese Island Cohort 5, child serum, Faroe Islands 2007–2009 Age 18 months and 5 years |
Girls, 18 months old (N = 275) Median (IQR) |
7.1 (4.5–10.0) | 2.8 (2.0–4.5) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | N/A |
| Girls, 5 years old (N = 349) Median (IQR) |
4.7 (3.5–6.3) | 2.2 (1.8–2.2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | N/A | |
|
Grandjean et al., 2017a, Grandjean et al., 2017b, Faroe Island Cohort, child serum, Faroe Islands 1997–2000 (birth year) Age 7 and 13 years |
7 years old (N = 587) Median (IQR) |
15.3 (12.4–19.0) | 4.4 (3.5–5.7) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | N/A |
| 13 years old (N = 587) Median (IQR) |
6.7 (5.2–8.5) | 2.0 (1.6–2.5) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | N/A | |
|
Grandjean et al. (2012), Faroe Island Cohort, maternal serum at 32 weeks gestation, child serum at age 5, Faroe Islands, 1997–2000 Age 5 and 7 years |
Maternal (n = 587) Geometric mean (IQR) |
27.3 (23.2–33.1) | 3.2 (2.56–4.01) | 0.6 (0.46–0.79) | 0.28 (0.22–0.38) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 4.41 (2.24–8.43) | N/A |
| 5 years old (n = 537) Geometric mean (IQR) |
16.7 (13.5–21.1) | 4.06 (3.33–4.96) | 1.00 (0.76–1.24) | 0.28 (0.21–0.38) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.63 (0.45–0.88) | N/A | |
|
Mogensen et al., 2015b, Mogensen et al., 2015a, Faroe Island Cohort, child serum, Faroe Islands 1997–2000 Age 5 and 7 years |
5 years old (N = 459) Median (IQR) |
17.3 (14.2–21.3) | 4.1 (3.3–5.0) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.6 (5.0–0.9) | N/A |
| 7 years old (N = 459) Median (IQR) |
15.5 (12.8–19.2) | 4.4 (3.5–5.7) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | N/A | |
|
Pilkerton et al. (2018), NHANES, child serum, U.S. 1999–2004 Age 12–18 years |
12–18 years (n = 1, 012) Mean (SE) |
25.1 ±0.4 |
4.8 ±0.7 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
Stein et al. (2016), NHANES, child serum, United States 1999–2000, 2003–2003, 2005–2006 Age 12–19 years |
12–19 years old 1999–2000 (N = 1,191) Geometric mean |
29.0 | 5.41 | 0.471 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.64 | N/A |
| 12–19 years old 2003–2004 (N = 1,191) Geometric mean |
19.3 | 3.89 | 0.852 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.44 | N/A | |
|
Granum et al. (2013)a, BraMat, maternal serum at time of delivery, Norway 2007–2008 Age 1–3 years |
Maternal (N = 99) Mean (IQR) |
5.6 (3.8–7.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.3 (0.4–0.3) | N/A |
|
Abraham et al. (2020), Cohort recruited via newspapers and pediatricians, child serum, Germany 1997–1999 Age 1 year |
Formula-fed (n = 21) Mean ± SD |
6.8 ±3.4 |
3.8 ±1.1 |
0.2 ±0.1 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.7 ±1.1 |
N/A |
| Breastfed (n = 80) Mean ± SD |
15.2 ±6.9 |
16.8 ±6.6 |
0.6 ±0.2 |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.1 ±1.3 |
N/A | |
|
Zeng et al. (2019), Guangzhou Birth Cohort, cord blood, China 2013 Age 3 months |
All (N = 201) Median (IQR) |
3.17 (1.88–4.94) | 1.22 (0.86–1.74) | 0.16 (0.05–0.29) | 0.12 (0.05–0.13) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 3.96 (2.32–5.41) | 10.56 (8.43–15.07) |
| Boys (n = 106) Median (IQR) |
3.10 (1.76–4.88) | 1.23 (0.86–1.94) | 0.17 (0.05–0.27) | 0.12 (0.05–0.20) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 4.15 (2.22–5.76) | 10.52 (8.35–14.68) | |
| Girls (n = 95) Median (IQR) |
3.41 (1.95–5.23) | 1.21 (0.86–1.66) | 0.15 (0.05–0.23) | 0.13 (0.05–0.24) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 3.74 (2.35–5.12) | 10.87 (8.60–15.57) | |
Note. Acronyms: AD = Atopic dermatitis; GSE = Geometric standard error; IQR = Interquartile range; ku/L = kilo unit per liter; LLOQ = Lower limit of quantitation; ng/mL = Nanogram per milliliter; N/A = Not applicable; SD = Standard deviation, SE = Standard error.
a
Pennings et al. (2016) used the same data and methods identified in the Granum et al., (2013) study and thus is not included in the table.