Table 3. Prevalence and Sources of Mistreatment Among General Surgery Residents by LGBTQ+ Status.
| Outcome | No./total No. (%) | P value | Most common source, No. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 6381) | Non-LGBTQ+ (n = 6076) | LGBTQ+ (n = 305) | Non-LGBTQ+ (n = 6076) | LGBTQ+ (n = 305) | ||
| Discrimination based on gender/gender identity/sexual orientationa | 2348/5443 (43.1) | 2187/5171 (42.3) | 161/272 (59.2) | <.001b | NA | NA |
| Different standards of evaluation | 1266/5438 (23.3) | 1199/5167 (23.2) | 67/271 (24.7) | .56 | Attending surgeons, 674 (56.2) | Attending surgeons, 40 (59.7) |
| Denied opportunities | 663/5432 (12.2) | 630/5161 (12.2) | 33/271 (12.2) | .99 | Attending surgeons, 345 (54.8) | Attending surgeons, 23 (69.7) |
| Mistaken for a nonphysician | 1881/5413 (34.8) | 1751/5142 (34.1) | 130/271 (48.0) | <.001b | Patients/families, 1391 (79.4) | Patients/families, 93 (71.5) |
| Slurs or negative comments | 702/5423 (12.9) | 625/5154 (12.1) | 77/269 (28.6) | <.001b | Not identified, 241 (38.6) | Not identified, 23 (29.9) |
| Socially isolated | 442/5406 (8.2) | 411/5135 (8.0) | 31/271 (11.4) | .04 | Coresidents, 213 (51.8) | Coresidents, 15 (48.4) |
| Advised not to have children | 783/5413 (14.5) | 744/5143 (14.5) | 39/270 (14.4) | .99 | Attending surgeons, 357 (48.0) | Attending surgeons, 21 (53.8) |
| Negative reactions to pregnancy/childcare needs | 226/1292 (17.5) | 219/1271 (17.2) | 7/21 (33.3) | .05 | Coresidents, 111 (50.7) | Attending surgeons and coresidents, withheldc |
| Sexual harassmentd | 1682/5567 (30.2) | 1551/5291 (29.3) | 131/276 (47.5) | <.001e | NA | NA |
| Crude, demeaning, or explicit comments | 1495/5564 (26.9) | 1378/5288 (26.1) | 117/276 (42.4) | <.001e | Coresidents, 402 (29.2) | Attending surgeons, 41 (35.0) |
| Unwanted sexual imagery | 245/5559 (4.4) | 221/5283 (4.2) | 24/276 (8.7) | <.001e | Not identified, 88 (39.8) | Not identified, 9 (37.5) |
| Unwanted verbal sexual attention | 715/5552 (12.9) | 669/5276 (12.7) | 46/276 (16.7) | .05 | Patients/families, 280 (41.9) | Patients/families, 15 (32.6) |
| Offensive body language | 582/5536 (10.5) | 536/5262 (10.2) | 46/274 (16.8) | .001e | Not identified, 146 (27.2) | Attending surgeons, 14 (30.4) |
| Unwanted physical sexual attention | 237/5563 (4.3) | 217/5287 (4.1) | 20/276 (7.3) | .01 | Not identified, 72 (33.2) | Not identified, 8 (40.0) |
| Sexual coercion | 66/5562 (1.2) | 59/5286 (1.1) | 7/276 (2.5) | .03 | Not identified, 39 (66.1) | Not identified, withheldc |
| Bullyingf | 3950/5868 (67.3) | 3730/5574 (66.9) | 220/294 (74.8) | .005g | NA | NA |
| Someone withholding information | 1841/5856 (31.4) | 1741/5562 (31.3) | 100/294 (34.0) | .33 | Attending surgeons, 444 (25.5) | Attending surgeons, 30 (30.0) |
| Spreading gossip or rumors | 1894/5856 (32.3) | 1789/5562 (32.2) | 105/294 (35.7) | .21 | Coresidents, 819 (45.8) | Coresidents, 57 (54.3) |
| Being ignored or excluded | 1803/5843 (30.9) | 1709/5550 (30.8) | 94/293 (32.1) | .64 | Coresidents, 610 (35.7) | Coresidents, 40 (42.6) |
| Offensive or insulting remarks | 1345/5849 (23.0) | 1276/5556 (23.0) | 69/293 (23.6) | .82 | Coresidents, 370 (29.0) | Coresidents, 25 (36.2) |
| Being shouted at | 2291/5849 (39.2) | 2159/5555 (38.9) | 132/294 (44.9) | .04 | Attending surgeons, 1127 (52.2) | Attending surgeons, 78 (59.1) |
| Being reminded of errors or mistakes | 2462/5842 (42.1) | 2326/5549 (41.9) | 136/293 (46.4) | .13 | Attending surgeons, 1076 (46.3) | Attending surgeons, 75 (55.1) |
| Being ignored or hostile reactions | 1404/5845 (24.0) | 1322/5552 (23.8) | 82/293 (28.0) | .10 | Attending surgeons, 505 (38.2) | Attending surgeons, 35 (42.7) |
| Persistent criticism of your work or effort | 1762/5853 (30.1) | 1655/5559 (29.8) | 107/294 (36.4) | .02 | Attending surgeons, 758 (45.8) | Attending surgeons, 56 (52.3) |
| Practical jokes by people you do not get along with | 514/5856 (8.8) | 487/5562 (8.8) | 27/294 (9.2) | .80 | Not identified, 228 (46.8) | Coresidents, 11 (40.7) |
| Being cursed or sworn at | 1322/5856 (22.6) | 1255/5562 (22.6) | 67/294 (22.8) | .93 | Attending surgeons, 656 (52.3) | Attending surgeons, 43 (64.2) |
Abbreviations: LGBTQ+, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual and gender minority; NA, not applicable.
Respondents were considered to have experienced discrimination if they answered at least 1 of the component items for discrimination based on gender, gender identity, or sexual orientation affirmatively.
Statistically significant after Bonferroni adjustment for 8 comparisons (P value threshold = .006).
Numerators were withheld to maintain confidentiality if cell size was 4 or less.
Respondents were considered to have experienced harassment if they answered at least 1 of the component items for sexual harassment affirmatively.
Statistically significant after Bonferroni adjustment for 7 comparisons (P value threshold = .007).
Respondents were considered to have experienced bullying if they answered at least 1 of the component items for bullying affirmatively.
Statistically significant after Bonferroni adjustment for 11 comparisons (P value threshold = .005).