Table 1.

LFA-based sensing assays regarding the determination of different virus species.

Detected Virus	Detected analyte	Reporter probe	Capture probe	Control Probe	Sensitivity	LOD	Ref.
SARS-CoV-2	Spike protein	Au NPs	SARS-COV-2, S1 spike protein	2,3′-sialyl lactose-BSA	–	5 μg	[45]
SARS-CoV-2	Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM	Au NPs	SARS-CoV-2 NP	Anti-mouse IgG	100%	–	[46]
SARS-CoV-2	RNA	Au NPs	Anti-FITC Ab	Biotin	100%	–	[47]
SARS-CoV-2	Nucleoprotein Ag	Cellulose nanobead	Nucleoprotein Ag	Anti-human IgG antibodies	–	2 ng	[48]
SARS CoV-2	Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM- IgG - IgM	Au-NPs	Protein A & nucleocapsid proteins	Avidin	94.6%	–	[49]
SARS CoV-2	Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA	Au-NPs	Nucleocapsid antigen	staphylococcal protein A	–	–	[50]
SARS CoV-2	Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG	Au-NPs	SARS CoV-2	Anti-mouse IgG	69.1%	–	[51]
SARS CoV-2	Nucleoprotein and spike protein	Au-NPs	Mouse anti-human IgG and anti-human IgM	mouse anti-tylosin antibody	96%	–	[52]
IAV	Nucleoprotein Ag	Au/Pt NPs conjugated with anti-Influenza A NP	Anti-Influenza A Ab	Anti-mouse IgG	94%	–	[53]
IAV	Nucleoproteins	Ca-coated UC NPs conjugated with anti-AIV NP Ab	Anti-AIV NP Ab	GAM IgG	–	103.5 EID50/mL	[54]
Tamiflu-resistant Influenza virus	Antiviral neuraminidase	Au NPs conjugated with OHT	Anti-AIV nucleoproteins (NP)	Tamiflu resistant NPs	–	5 × 102 PFU	[55]
IAV - IBV	IAV and IBV antigens	Europium	Monoclonal anti-influenza A and monoclonal anti-influenza B mouse IgG	polyclonal mouse IgG	68.9%	–	[56]
HIV, HCV, HAV	Antiviral Abs	Au NPs conjugated with protein A, BSA and proteinticles	Specific proteinticles	GAH Abs	100%	–	[57]
HIV	HIV-1 DNA	Au NPs conjugated with Raman reporter MGITC and DNA detection	Capture DNAs	Control DNAs	–	0.24 pg/mL	[58]
HIV	HIV DNA	QDs conjugated with hairpin DNA	Test-DNA	Control-DNA	–	0.76 pM	[59]
HIV, HCV, HBV	HIV, HCV, HBV Abs	QD nanobeads	HIV-1/2, HCV, HBV, and HBs antigens	GAM IgG	88.33–93.42%	–	[60]
HBV	HBV DNA	detProbe-Au-ssDNA	T-DNA	C-DNA	–	102 IU/mL	[61]
HBV	HBs Ag	UC NPs	AntiHBsAg mAb	RAM IgG	95.4%,	–	[62]
DENV	Anti-Dengue Ab	DYlight-800	Recombinant Dengue type 1 envelope	GAH IgG	95%	–	[63]
DENV	Dengue NS1	Magnetic beads	mAbs	GAM Ab	–	0.1 ng/ml	[64]
DENV	Dengue-1 RNA	Au NPs	dDNA	cDNA	–	1.2 × 104 pfu/mL	[65]
HPV	HPV16 E7 and HPV18 L1	SA-DNPs	Anti-FITC and anti-DIG	Biotin-BSA	–	5 × 105 copies	[66]
TORCH pathogens	IgM Abs	Au/hemin@MOF (metal organic framework)	Torch Ab	GAM IgG Ab	100%	–	[67]
EV	EV glycoprotein	RNs@Au	Anti-Ebola glycoprotein Ab	Anti-human Ab	–	2 ng/mL	[68]
EV	EV glycoprotein	AuNP	EE8 Ab	Anti-mouse immunoglobulin	85.7%	2.2 x 104 genome copies/ml	[69]
EV	EV glycoprotein	AuNP	mAb 1HK7 - mAb 2HK1	Goat anti-mouse Ig		0.23–0.37 ng/mL	[70]
SFTSV	SFTSV NP	Au NPs	mAbs	GAM IgG	–	1 ng/mL	[71]