Table 2.
Multiple linear regression model predicting depressive symptoms
| Predictors | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
| B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | |
| Step 1: Developmental characteristics | |||||||||
| ASRS score (continuous variable) | 0.562 | 0.043 | 0.463*** | 0.508 | 0.040 | 0.418*** | 0.474 | 0.039 | 0.390*** |
| AQ-10 score (continuous variable) | 0.045 | 0.096 | 0.017 | 0.113 | 0.089 | 0.042 | 0.186 | 0.086 | 0.069* |
| Step 2: Changes in lifestyle after the COVID-19 outbreak | |||||||||
| Changes in physical burden‡ | 0.745 | 0.190 | 0.151*** | 0.595 | 0.184 | 0.121** | |||
| Changes in psychological burden‡ | 1.315 | 0.244 | 0.216*** | 0.978 | 0.243 | 0.161*** | |||
| Changes in income§ | −0.124 | 0.319 | −0.013 | −0.196 | 0.313 | −0.020 | |||
| Changes in frequency of going out§ | −0.324 | 0.277 | −0.042 | −0.515 | 0.264 | −0.066 | |||
| Changes in interpersonal interaction§ | 0.791 | 0.226 | 0.124*** | 0.657 | 0.216 | 0.103** | |||
| Step 3: Sociodemographic variables | |||||||||
| Age group¶ | −0.045 | 0.159 | −0.009 | ||||||
| Female (yes) | 1.937 | 0.358 | 0.199*** | ||||||
| Body mass index (continuous variable) | 0.134 | 0.047 | 0.094** | ||||||
| Residential area†† | −0.223 | 0.230 | −0.033 | ||||||
| No of households‡‡ | −0.349 | 0.132 | −0.086** | ||||||
| Habitual smoking (yes) | 1.137 | 0.526 | 0.068* | ||||||
| Habitual alcohol consumption (yes) | 0.448 | 0.348 | 0.041 | ||||||
| History of COVID-19 infection (yes) | 2.021 | 1.693 | 0.037 | ||||||
| Occupation | |||||||||
| Physician (reference) | — | — | |||||||
| Nurse | −0.131 | 0.425 | −0.012 | ||||||
| Other worker | 1.399 | 0.423 | 0.130*** | ||||||
| Commuting time§§ | −0.067 | 0.217 | −0.010 | ||||||
| Working hours per month (continuous variable) | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.083* | ||||||
| Working night shift (yes) | −0.099 | 0.343 | −0.010 | ||||||
| Front-line worker (yes) | 0.233 | 0.602 | 0.012 | ||||||
| Fear of COVID-19¶¶ | 1.151 | 0.278 | 0.135*** | ||||||
| Experience of discrimination (yes) | 1.176 | 0.548 | 0.069* | ||||||
| Fit test | |||||||||
| R2 | 0.217 | 0.342 | 0.433 | ||||||
| Change in R2 | 0.217 | 0.126 | 0.091 | ||||||
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
‡Markedly decreased=1, decreased=2, not changed=3, increased=4, and markedly increased=5.
§≥150=1, 110%–15%=2, 90%–110%=3, 50%–90%=4 and <50%=5.
¶20–29=1, 30–39=2, 40–49=3, 50–59=4 and 60 or over 60=5.
††Urban=1, suburban=2, rural=3.
‡‡4 or more than 4 was calculated as '4'.
§§<30 min=1, 30 min to 1 hour=2, ≥1 hour=3.
¶¶No fear=1, moderate fear=2, extreme fear=3.
AQ-10, the Autism-Spectrum Quotient-10; ASRS, the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale.