Table 3.
Multiple linear regression model predicting anxiety symptoms
| Predictors | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
| B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | |
| Step 1: Developmental characteristics | |||||||||
| ASRS score (continuous variable) | 0.480 | 0.036 | 0.472*** | 0.438 | 0.034 | 0.431*** | 0.433 | 0.033 | 0.426*** |
| AQ-10 score (continuous variable) | 0.029 | 0.080 | 0.013 | 0.079 | 0.075 | 0.035 | 0.117 | 0.075 | 0.052 |
| Step 2: Changes in lifestyle after the COVID-19 outbreak | |||||||||
| Changes in physical burden‡ | 0.643 | 0.160 | 0.156*** | 0.492 | 0.159 | 0.120** | |||
| Changes in psychological burden‡ | 0.969 | 0.206 | 0.191*** | 0.743 | 0.211 | 0.146*** | |||
| Changes in income§ | 0.007 | 0.269 | 0.001 | −0.116 | 0.272 | −0.014 | |||
| Changes in frequency of going out§ | −0.223 | 0.233 | −0.034 | −0.257 | 0.229 | −0.040 | |||
| Changes in interpersonal interaction§ | 0.507 | 0.190 | 0.095** | 0.367 | 0.188 | 0.069 | |||
| Step 3: Sociodemographic variables | |||||||||
| Age group¶ | 0.212 | 0.138 | 0.052 | ||||||
| Female (yes) | 0.727 | 0.310 | 0.089* | ||||||
| Body mass index (continuous variable) | −0.015 | 0.040 | −0.013 | ||||||
| Residential area†† | −0.061 | 0.200 | −0.011 | ||||||
| No of households‡‡ | −0.066 | 0.114 | −0.019 | ||||||
| Habitual smoking (yes) | 0.336 | 0.456 | 0.024 | ||||||
| Habitual alcohol consumption (yes) | 0.244 | 0.302 | 0.027 | ||||||
| History of COVID-19 infection (yes) | 1.870 | 1.469 | 0.041 | ||||||
| Occupation | |||||||||
| Physician (reference) | — | — | |||||||
| Nurse | −0.031 | 0.369 | −0.004 | ||||||
| Other worker | 1.108 | 0.367 | 0.123** | ||||||
| Commuting time§§ | −0.169 | 0.188 | −0.030 | ||||||
| Working hours per month (continuous variable) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.015 | ||||||
| Working night shift (yes) | 0.071 | 0.298 | 0.009 | ||||||
| Front-line worker (yes) | 0.434 | 0.522 | 0.028 | ||||||
| Fear of COVID-19¶¶ | 1.214 | 0.241 | 0.170*** | ||||||
| Experience of discrimination (yes) | 0.956 | 0.475 | 0.067* | ||||||
| Fit test | |||||||||
| R2 | 0.225 | 0.330 | 0.390 | ||||||
| Change in R2 | 0.225 | 0.105 | 0.060 | ||||||
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Evaluated using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7.
‡†Markedly decreased=1, decreased=2, not changed=3, increased=4, and markedly increased=5.
§≥150=1, 110%–15%=2, 90%–110%=3, 50%–90%=4 and <50%=5.
¶20–29=1, 30–39=2, 40–49=3, 50–59=4 and 60 or over 60=5.
††Urban=1, suburban=2, rural=3.
‡‡4 or more than 4 was calculated as '4'.
§§<30 min=1, 30 min to 1 hour=2, ≥1 hour=3.
¶¶No fear=1, moderate fear=2, extreme fear=3.
AQ-10, the Autism-Spectrum Quotient-10; ASRS, the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale.