Table 2.
Characteristics according to with or without of diabetes and anemia
| Variables | Non-DM | DM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-anemia | Anemia | p-value | Non-anemia | Anemia | p-value | |
| (n = 20,764) | (n = 1930) | (n = 2575) | (n = 328) | |||
| Age (years) a | 45.08 ± 0.18 | 47.57 ± 0.46 | <.0001 | 59.36 ± 0.33 | 65.93 ± 0.86 | <.0001 |
| Sex b | ||||||
| Men | 8376 (40.3) | 324 (16.8) | <.0001 | 1279 (49.7) | 138 (42.1) | <.0001 |
| Women | 12388 (59.7) | 1606 (83.2) | 1296 (50.3) | 190 (57.9) | ||
| Household income b | ||||||
| Low | 3661 (17.6) | 421 (21.8) | <.0001 | 876 (34.0) | 137 (41.8) | 0.0095 |
| Lower middle | 5271 (25.4) | 509 (26.4) | 705 (27.4) | 91 (27.7) | ||
| Higher middle | 5854 (28.2) | 526 (27.3) | 537 (20.9) | 51 (15.6) | ||
| High | 5978 (28.8) | 474 (24.6) | 457 (17.8) | 49 (14.9) | ||
| Educational level b | ||||||
| ≤ Elementary school | 4671 (22.5) | 497 (25.8) | <.0001 | 1118 (43.4) | 181 (55.2) | <.0001 |
| Middle school | 2160 (10.4) | 160 (8.3) | 411 (16.0) | 38 (11.6) | ||
| High school | 6990 (33.7) | 678 (35.1) | 672 (26.1) | 78 (23.8) | ||
| ≥ College | 6943 (33.4) | 595 (30.8) | 374 (14.5) | 31 (9.5) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) a, b | 23.67 ± 0.03 | 22.68 ± 0.09 | <.0001 | 25.37 ± 0.09 | 24.46 ± 0.42 | <.0001 |
| < 18.5 (underweight) | 864 (4.2) | 141 (7.3) | <.0001 | 22 (0.9) | 14 (4.3) | <.0001 |
| < 25 (normoweight) | 13,409 (64.6) | 1357 (70.3) | 1294 (50.3) | 196 (59.8) | ||
| ≥ 25 (overweight or obese) | 6491 (31.3) | 432 (22.4) | 1259 (48.9) | 118 (36) | ||
| Smokers b | ||||||
| Non−/Ex-smoker | 17151 (82.6) | 1832 (94.9) | <.0001 | 2066 (80.2) | 286 (87.2) | 0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 3613 (17.4) | 98 (5.1) | 509 (19.8) | 42 (12.8) | ||
| Alcohol consumption b | ||||||
| No | 2598 (12.5) | 315 (16.3) | <.0001 | 533 (20.7) | 86 (26.2) | 0.0068 |
| Yes | 18166 (87.5) | 1615 (83.7) | 2042 (79.3) | 242 (73.8) | ||
| Iron intake per day (mg/day) a | 16.19 ± 0.17 | 14.06 ± 0.26 | <.0001 | 16.31 ± 0.43 | 12.68 ± 0.52 | <.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) a | 14.37 ± 0.01 | 11.02 ± 0.03 | <.0001 | 14.47 ± 0.03 | 11.31 ± 0.07 | <.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) a | 0.83 ± 0.002 | 0.8 ± 0.02 | <.0001 | 0.87 ± 0.005 | 1.23 ± 0.13 | <.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) a | 80.85 ± 0.1 | 76.97 ± 0.26 | <.0001 | 87.85 ± 0.24 | 84.82 ± 0.88 | <.0001 |
| High waist circumference b | 5151 (24.8) | 330 (17.1) | <.0001 | 1242 (48.2) | 118 (36.0) | 0.0003 |
| Fasting glucose level (mg/dL) a | 93.09 ± 0.1 | 91.3 ± 0.24 | <.0001 | 144.13 ± 1.05 | 131.83 ± 3.09 | <.0001 |
| HTN b | 5967 (28.7) | 520 (26.9) | 0.1012 | 1584 (61.5) | 238 (72.6) | 0.0008 |
| HbA1c (%) a | 5.52 ± 0.005 | 5.62 ± 0.01 | <.0001 | 7.37 ± 0.04 | 7.28 ± 0.1 | <.0001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia b | 2816 (13.6) | 108 (5.6) | <.0001 | 719 (27.9) | 58 (17.7) | <.0001 |
| Low HDL cholesterol b | 7345 (35.4) | 806 (41.8) | <.0001 | 1366 (53.1) | 196 (59.8) | 0.017 |
a Continuous variables are presented means ± standard error and compared using t-test
b Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages and compared using the Rao-Scott Chi-Square test
BMI body mass index; HTN hypertension; DM diabetes mellitus; HbA1c glycated hemoglobin; HDL high-density lipoprotein