Table 3.
Characteristics of the study population with and without anemia according to sex in diabetes mellitus
| Variables | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-anemia | Anemia | p-value | Non-anemia | Anemia | p-value | |
| (n = 1279) | (n = 138) | (n = 1296) | (n = 190) | |||
| Age (years) a | 57.23 ± 0.42 | 68.09 ± 0.91 | <.0001 | 61.91 ± 0.45 | 64.58 ± 1.28 | <.0001 |
| Household income b | ||||||
| Low | 371 (29) | 56 (40.6) | 0.0031 | 505 (39) | 81 (42.6) | 0.4453 |
| Lower middle | 350 (27.4) | 39 (28.3) | 355 (27.4) | 52 (27.4) | ||
| Higher middle | 284 (22.2) | 24 (17.4) | 253 (19.5) | 27 (14.2) | ||
| High | 274 (21.4) | 19 (13.8) | 183 (14.1) | 30 (15.8) | ||
| Educational level b | ||||||
| ≤ Elementary school | 357 (27.9) | 47 (34.1) | 0.0075 | 761 (58.7) | 134 (70.5) | 0.2327 |
| Middle school | 235 (18.4) | 13 (9.4) | 176 (13.6) | 25 (13.2) | ||
| High school | 407 (31.8) | 55 (39.9) | 265 (20.5) | 23 (12.1) | ||
| ≥ College | 280 (21.9) | 23 (16.7) | 94 (7.3) | 8 (4.2) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) a, b | 25.1 ± 0.12 | 23.2 ± 0.31 | <.0001 | 25.69 ± 0.13 | 25.24 ± 0.64 | <.0001 |
| < 18.5 (underweight) | 8 (0.6) | 8 (5.8) | <.0001 | 14 (1.1) | 6 (3.2) | 0.105 |
| < 25 (normoweight) | 693 (54.2) | 101 (73.2) | 601 (46.4) | 95 (50) | ||
| ≥ 25 (overweight or obese) | 578 (45.2) | 29 (21) | 681 (52.6) | 89 (46.8) | ||
| Smokers b | ||||||
| Non−/Ex-smoker | 825 (64.5) | 106 (76.8) | 0.0008 | 1241 (95.8) | 180 (94.7) | 0.6657 |
| Current smoker | 454 (35.5) | 32 (23.2) | 55 (4.2) | 10 (5.3) | ||
| Alcohol consumption b | ||||||
| No | 81 (6.3) | 12 (8.7) | 0.1235 | 452 (34.9) | 74 (39) | 0.4257 |
| Yes | 1198 (93.7) | 126 (91.3) | 844 (65.1) | 116 (61.1) | ||
| Iron intake per day (mg/day) a | 18.09 ± 0.68 | 14.05 ± 0.61 | <.0001 | 14.18 ± 0.43 | 11.83 ± 0.78 | <.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) a | 15.27 ± 0.04 | 11.79 ± 0.12 | <.0001 | 13.51 ± 0.03 | 11.01 ± 0.09 | <.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) a | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 1.68 ± 0.32 | <.0001 | 0.73 ± 0 | 0.95 ± 0.04 | <.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) a | 88.83 ± 0.32 | 84.75 ± 0.92 | <.0001 | 86.68 ± 0.33 | 84.86 ± 1.32 | <.0001 |
| High waist circumference b | 540 (42.2) | 34 (24.6) | 0.0002 | 702 (54.2) | 84 (44.2) | 0.0068 |
| HTN b | 743 (58.1) | 98 (71) | <.0001 | 841 (64.9) | 140 (73.7) | 0.3057 |
| Fasting glucose level (mg/dL) a | 147.17 ± 1.55 | 124.51 ± 3.24 | <.0001 | 140.5 ± 1.48 | 136.41 ± 4.53 | <.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) a | 7.4 ± 0.06 | 7.08 ± 0.12 | <.0001 | 7.33 ± 0.05 | 7.41 ± 0.13 | <.0001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia b | 417 (32.6) | 19 (13.8) | <.0001 | 302 (23.3) | 39 (20.5) | 0.6261 |
| Low HDL cholesterol b | 519 (40.6) | 61 (44.2) | 0.4338 | 847 (65.4) | 135 (71.1) | 0.3557 |
a Continuous variables are presented means ± standard error and compared using t-test
b Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages and compared using the Rao-Scott Chi-Square test
BMI body mass index; HTN hypertension; DM diabetes mellitus; HbA1c glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein