Table 2.
Multi-level regression analysis on predictors of optimal IPTp-SP in last pregnancy among women in sub-Saharan Africa
| Variables | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR[95%CI] | aOR[95%CI] | aOR[95%CI] | ||
| Individual level factors | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 15–19 | [1.00,1.00] | [1.00,1.00] | ||
| 20–24 | 1.09*[1.01,1.18] | 1.03 [0.95,1.13] | ||
| 25–29 | 1.12**[1.03,1.22] | 1.049 [0.96,1.15] | ||
| 30–34 | 1.15** [1.05,1.26] | 1.075 [0.98,1.18] | ||
| 35–39 | 1.21***[1.09,1.33] | 1.100 [0.99,1.22] | ||
| 40–44 | 1.25***[1.12,1.41] | 1.147*[1.01,1.30] | ||
| 45–49 | 1.171 [1.00,1.38] | 1.105 [0.93,1.31] | ||
| Education | ||||
| No formal education | [1.00,1.00] | [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Primary | 0.90***[0.85,0.94] | 1.07* [1.01,1.13] | ||
| Secondary/Higher | 1.00 [0.94,1.06] | 1.12**[1.04,1.20] | ||
| Parity | ||||
| 1 to 3 | 1.11***[1.05,1.17] | 1.11***[1.04,1.17] | ||
| 4 or more | Ref | Ref | ||
| Exposure to malaria information on Radio | ||||
| No | [1.00,1.00] | [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Yes | 1.03 [0.99,1.08] | 1.068**[1.02,1.12] | ||
| Exposure to malaria information on TV | ||||
| No | [1.00,1.00] | [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Yes | 1.174***[1.11,1.24] | 1.128*** [1.05,1.21] | ||
| Contextual factors | ||||
| Place of Residence | ||||
| Urban | [1.00,1.00] | [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Rural | 0.948 [0.89,1.01] | 0.955 [0.90,1.02] | ||
| Wealth status | ||||
| Poorest | [1.00,1.00] | [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Poorer | 1.058 [0.99,1.13] | 1.028 [0.96,1.10] | ||
| Middle | 1.078*[1.01,1.15] | 1.019 [0.95,1.09] | ||
| Richer | 1.093*[1.02,1.17] | 0.98 [0.91,1.06] | ||
| Richest | 1.111*[1.02,1.21] | 0.91 [0.82,1.01] | ||
| Sex of Household Head | ||||
| Male | [1.00,1.00] | [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Female | 0.981 [0.93,1.04] | 0.98 [0.93,1.04] | ||
| Country | ||||
| Burkina | 0.821***[0.74,0.92] | 0.921 [0.82,1.03] | ||
| Ghana | [1.00,1.00] | [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Kenya | 0.193*** [0.17,0.22] | 0.202***[0.18,0.23] | ||
| Liberia | 0.207***[0.18,0.24 | 0.225***[0.20,0.26] | ||
| Madagascar | 0.0719***[0.06,0.08] | 0.0779*** [0.07,0.09] | ||
| Mali | 0.180***[0.16,0.20] | 0.196***[0.17,0.22] | ||
| Malawi | 0.326*** [0.29,0.37] | 0.363***[0.32,0.42] | ||
| Mozambique | 0.510***[0.45,0.58] | 0.557***[0.49,0.63] | ||
| Nigeria | 0.182***[0.16,0.20] | 0.192***[0.17,0.22] | ||
| Sierra Leone | 0.294***[0.26,0.33] | 0.327*** [0.29,0.37] | ||
| Tanzania | 0.157*** [0.14,0.18] | 0.171***[0.15,0.19] | ||
| Uganda | 0.424*** [0.38,0.47] | 0.458***[0.41,0.51] | ||
| Random effects | ||||
| PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.246 (0.19–0.31) | 0.234 (0.19–0.30) | 0.092 (0.07–0.12) | 0.013 (0.07–0.12) |
| ICC | 0.069 | 0.066 | 0.0273 | 0.0273 |
| Wald chi-square and p-value | Ref | 120.31 | 3839.66 | 3875.83 |
| LR Test | 490.76 | 470.73 | 219.04 | 218.29 |
| Model fitness | ||||
| Log-likelihood | −27,117.179 | −27,057.15 | −24,992.34 | −24,966.9 |
| AIC | 54,238.36 | 54,140.3 | 50,022.68 | 49,993.79 |
| PSU | 584 | 584 | 584 | 584 |
| N | 43,961 | 43,961 | 43,961 | 43,961 |
Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets
Model 0 is the null model, a baseline model without any determinant variable
Model 1 = Individual level variables
Model 2 = Community level variables
Model 3 is the final model adjusted for individual and household/community level variables
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, [1.00,1.00] = Ref; PSU Primary Sampling Unit, ICC Intra-Class Correlation, LR Test Likelihood ratio Test, AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion