Fig. 3.

Changes in emotional valence, relevance of reported emotions to the COVID-19 pandemic, life satisfaction, and perceived risk across the four waves of data collection. Values shown in the figure are sample means, and error bars represent standard errors of the means. Displayed ranges for emotional valence and life satisfaction were chosen so that the center, indicated by a gray horizontal line, reflects the middle point of the respective scale (emotional valence: 1–9; life satisfaction:1–7). W: Wave.