Table 2.

Determinants of residential energy consumption (N = 295,220)

	Total energy consumption			Electricity consumption
Variable	Coefficient	St. error	Change	Coefficient	St. error	Change
	$\beta$		$\pi$	$\beta$		$\pi$
Control variables
Income	0.111***	0.002		0.135***	0.002
Temperature	− 0.361***	0.051		− 0.158***	0.030
Pure aging effects (base = late 30s)
Early 20s	− 0.122***	0.017	− 11.5%	− 0.116***	0.013	− 10.9%
Late 20s	0.015**	0.007	1.6%	− 0.025***	0.006	− 2.4%
Early 30s	0.020***	0.005	2.1%	− 0.008**	0.004	− 0.8%
Early 40s	0.048***	0.004	4.9%	0.062***	0.003	6.4%
Late 40s	0.143***	0.004	15.4%	0.156***	0.004	16.9%
Early 50s	0.215***	0.005	24.0%	0.233***	0.004	26.2%
Late 50s	0.255***	0.006	29.0%	0.273***	0.005	31.3%
Early 60s	0.298***	0.007	34.7%	0.321***	0.005	37.8%
Late 60s	0.299***	0.008	34.8%	0.312***	0.006	36.6%
Early 70s	0.301***	0.009	35.1%	0.306***	0.007	35.8%
Late 70s	0.319***	0.010	37.6%	0.311***	0.008	36.4%
Early 80s	0.336***	0.014	39.9%	0.321***	0.011	37.8%
Cohort effects (base = Cohort 9, late 30s in 1989)
Cohort 1	− 0.057	0.049	− 5.6%	− 0.017	0.047	− 1.7%
Cohort 2	− 0.198***	0.019	− 17.9%	− 0.104***	0.016	− 9.9%
Cohort 3	− 0.208***	0.013	− 18.8%	− 0.084***	0.011	− 8.0%
Cohort 4	− 0.183***	0.009	− 16.7%	− 0.044***	0.008	− 4.3%
Cohort 5	− 0.105***	0.008	− 10.0%	− 0.003	0.006	− 0.3%
Cohort 6	− 0.047***	0.006	− 4.5%	0.013***	0.005	1.4%
Cohort 7	− 0.014***	0.005	− 1.4%	0.010**	0.004	1.0%
Cohort 8	− 0.004	0.004	− 0.4%	− 0.001	0.003	− 0.1%
Cohort 10	− 0.003	0.003	− 0.3%	0.004	0.003	0.4%
Cohort 11	0.009**	0.004	0.9%	0.014***	0.003	1.4%
Cohort 12	− 0.001	0.004	− 0.1%	0.008**	0.003	0.8%
Household type (base = couple and children)
Couple only	0.340***	0.003	40.6%	0.374***	0.002	45.3%
Single parent	0.249***	0.005	28.3%	0.254***	0.004	29.0%
Couple and parents	0.106***	0.006	11.2%	0.190***	0.004	20.9%
Three generation	− 0.158***	0.004	− 14.6%	− 0.052***	0.003	− 5.0%
Other	− 0.022***	0.005	− 2.2%	0.065***	0.004	6.7%
Single elderly	0.604***	0.012	82.9%	0.665***	0.008	94.4%
Single	0.401***	0.011	49.4%	0.535***	0.008	70.8%
Survey year (base = 1989)
1994	0.135***	0.005	14.5%	0.305***	0.004	35.6%
1999	0.199***	0.006	22.1%	0.360***	0.004	43.4%
2004	0.196***	0.006	21.6%	0.424***	0.004	52.8%
2009	0.122***	0.006	13.0%	0.366***	0.005	44.2%
2014	0.108***	0.007	11.4%	0.414***	0.005	51.3%
R2	0.409			0.745

Prefecture dummies are included, and robust standard errors are used in the estimation.

^*** and ^** indicate statistically significant at 1% and 5%, respectively